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A self-adaptive image normalization and quaternion PCA based color image watermarking algorithm

机译：基于自适应图像归一化和四元数PCA的彩色图像水印算法

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摘要

This paper proposes a novel robust digital color image watermarking algorithm which combines color image feature point extraction, shape image normalization and QPCA (quaternion principal component algorithm) based watermarking embedding (QWEMS) and extraction (QWEXS) schemes. The feature point extraction method called Mexican Hat wavelet scale interaction is used to select the points which can survive various attacks and also be used as reference points for both watermarking embedding and extraction. The normalization shape image of the local quadrangle image of which the four corners are feature points of the original image is invariant to translation, rotation, scaling and skew, by which we can obtain the relationship between the feature images of the original image and the watermarked image which has suffered with geometrical attacks. The proposed QWEMS and QWEXS schemes which denote the color pixel as a pure quaternion and the feature image as a quaternion matrix can improve the robustness and the imperceptibility of the embedding watermarking. To simplify the eigen-decomposition procedure of the quaternion matrix, we develop a calculation approach with which the eigen-values and the corresponding eigen-vectors of the quaternion matrix can be computed. A binary watermark image is embedded in the principal component coefficients of the feature image. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can survive a variety of geometry attacks, i.e. translation, rotation, scaling and skew, and can also resist the attacks of many signal processing procedures, for example, moderate JPEG compression, salt and pepper noise, Gaussian filtering, median filtering, and so on.
机译：本文提出了一种新颖的鲁棒的数字彩色图像水印算法，该算法结合了彩色图像特征点提取，形状图像归一化以及基于四维数主成分算法的QWEMS和水印嵌入（QWEXS）方案。特征点提取方法被称为墨西哥帽小波尺度交互作用，用于选择可以经受各种攻击的点，还可以用作水印嵌入和提取的参考点。以四个角为原始图像特征点的局部四边形图像的归一化形状图像对于平移，旋转，缩放和偏斜是不变的，由此可以获得原始图像的特征图像与水印的关系。遭受几何攻击的图像。提出的QWEMS和QWEXS方案将彩色像素表示为纯四元数，将特征图像表示为四元数矩阵可以提高嵌入水印的鲁棒性和不易察觉性。为了简化四元数矩阵的特征分解过程，我们开发了一种计算方法，利用该方法可以计算四元数矩阵的特征值和相应的特征向量。在特征图像的主成分系数中嵌入二值水印图像。仿真结果表明，该算法可以抵抗各种几何攻击，例如平移，旋转，缩放和偏斜，还可以抵抗多种信号处理程序的攻击，例如中等JPEG压缩，盐和胡椒噪声，高斯滤波，中值过滤等。

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