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Water and Chicago's mortality transition, 1850-1925

机译：水与芝加哥的死亡率转变，1850-1925年

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Between 1850 and 1925, the crude death rate in the City of Chicago fell by 60 percent. We estimate that 30-50 percent of this reduction can be attributed water purification measures and the subsequent eradication of diarrheal diseases and typhoid fever and its sequella. Our findings are consistent with a proposition that early public-health scholars referred to as the Mills-Reincke phenomenon. According to advocates of the Mills-Reincke phenomenon, for every one death from typhoid fever that was prevented by water purification, there were three or more deaths from other causes (not usually considered waterborne) that were also prevented. At least part of this phenomenon appears to have driven by the fact that typhoid had a low case fatality rate but so weakened its survivors that they were vulnerable to later infections from tuberculosis and pneumonia. There is also evidence that typhoid survivors eventually developed kidney problems from which they later succumbed. These findings have implications for public health policies in developing countries.
机译：在1850年至1925年之间，芝加哥市的原油死亡率下降了60％。我们估计，这种减少的30-50％可以归因于水净化措施以及随后消除的腹泻病和伤寒及其后遗症。我们的发现与早期公共卫生学者称为Mills-Reincke现象的主张是一致的。根据Mills-Reincke现象的提倡者，每通过水净化预防伤寒的每一例死亡，也有三例或三例以上的其他原因（通常不认为是水源性）死亡得到了预防。至少部分原因是伤寒致死率低，但伤寒幸存者却如此虚弱，以致于他们很容易受到后来的结核病和肺炎感染的影响，这似乎是造成这种情况的原因。还有证据表明，伤寒幸存者最终发展出肾脏疾病，后来他们从中解脱。这些发现对发展中国家的公共卫生政策有影响。

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