The paper describes the invention and early adaption of the so-called A1V method. Invented in 1928 by Finnish biochemist Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895-1973), the AIV method is a fodder preservation method based on an artificial acidification of fresh fodder below pH 4. It was the first reliable method to produce good quality silage. Virtanen began his silage research in 1925. The original impetus for the research was provided by the problems of Finnish cheese industry, that is, Virtanen wanted to develop a silage making method which would guarantee that silage does not contain any bacteria harmful to cheese production. It took him 3 years to achieve a breakthrough. In the spring of 1928 Virtanen and his assistant Henning Karström (1899-1989) developed a method which was based on the idea of lowering the pH value of fodder quickly below 4 with the help of hydrochloric acid addition. The AIV method was taken into use in Finnish agriculture in the summer of 1929. The acid solution, that is, AIV solution was sold to farmers in large glass jars with a volume of 60- to 70 liters. Before use, the solution was diluted with water in wooden barrels. In the early years, Virtanen recommended the use of inexpensive ground-pits, lined with boards. Fresh fodder was filled into the silos in layers, and every layer was sprayed with dilute solution from a rubber watering-can or a hose. In public, the adaption of the AIV method was described as a great success. However, in reality the adoption was hampered by serious quality problems. The main reason for the latter was that Virtanen had carried out only three large-scale farm experiments in the summer and autumn of 1928. Although these experiments strongly indicated that the amount of acid solution used was not always enough to attain the pH limit 4, Virtanen still used the same amount in his instructions for farmers in the summer of 1929. Virtanen probably attempted to make do with the least possible amount of acid because he was still a little bit unsure about the possible health effects of AIV silage. In the 1930s, Virtanen increased the acid solution quantities and made also other changes to the instructions which improved the overall quality of AIV silage. After the AIV silage was fed to the cattle for several winters, and no major negative health effects were observed, it was generally considered as proven that AIV silage could safely be used in cattle feeding. In the 1930s, the use of the AIV method increased steadily in Finland, but slower than Virtanen had expected. By 1936, the annual sale had increased into 1.9 million kg which amounted to 130,000 tons of AIV silage. However, the latter amount was only 1% of the total hay crop on Finnish farms. In 1953 and 1954, the sale of AIV solution exceeded 9000 tons (about 650,000 tons of silage), but dropped after that.
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机译：本文描述了发明和所谓的A1V方法的早期适应。 AIV方法是芬兰生物化学家Artturi Ilmari Virtanen（1895-1973）于1928年发明的，是一种基于pH值低于4的新鲜饲料的人工酸化方法的饲料保存方法，它是生产优质青贮饲料的第一种可靠方法。 Virtanen于1925年开始青贮饲料的研究。最初的动力来自芬兰奶酪行业的问题，也就是说，Virtanen希望开发一种青贮饲料制造方法，以确保青贮饲料中不包含任何对奶酪生产有害的细菌。他花了三年时间才取得突破。 1928年春，Virtanen和他的助手HenningKarström（1899-1989）开发了一种方法，该方法基于通过添加盐酸将饲料的pH值迅速降至4以下的想法。 AIV方法于1929年夏天在芬兰农业中使用。酸性溶液，即AIV溶液，以60至70升的大玻璃罐出售给农民。使用前，将溶液用水在木桶中稀释。在早期，Virtanen建议使用衬有木板的廉价地面坑。将新鲜饲料分批装入料仓，然后用橡胶喷壶或软管的稀溶液喷涂每一层。在公开场合，AIV方法的改编被描述为非常成功。但是，实际上，这种采用受到严重的质量问题的阻碍。后者的主要原因是Virtanen在1928年夏季和秋季仅进行了三个大型农场实验。尽管这些实验强烈表明，使用的酸溶液的量并不总是足以达到pH极限4， 1929年夏天，Virtanen在其给农民的指示中仍然使用相同的量。Virtanen可能试图用尽可能少的酸来解决问题，因为他仍然不太确定AIV青贮饲料可能对健康产生的影响。在1930年代，Virtanen增加了酸溶液的量，并对说明进行了其他更改，从而提高了AIV青贮饲料的整体质量。在将AIV青贮饲料饲喂牲畜数个冬天之后，没有观察到重大的不利健康影响，通常认为AIV青贮饲料可以安全地用于牛饲养。在1930年代，AIV方法的使用在芬兰稳步增长，但比Virtanen预期的要慢。到1936年，年销售量已增加到190万公斤，相当于13万吨AIV青贮饲料。但是，后者仅占芬兰农场干草总产量的1％。在1953年和1954年，AIV溶液的销售量超过9000吨（约青贮饲料65万吨），但此后下降。
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