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A flammability performance comparison between synthetic and natural clays in polystyrene nanocomposites

机译：聚苯乙烯纳米复合材料中合成粘土和天然粘土的可燃性比较

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Polymer-clay nanocomposites are a newer class of flame retardant materials of interest due to their balance of mechanical, thermal and flammability properties. Much more work has been done with natural clays than with synthetic clays for nanocomposite flammability applications. There are advantages and disadvantages to both natural and synthetic clay use in a nanocomposite, and some of these, both fundamental and practical, will be discussed in this paper. To compare natural and synthetic clays in regards to polymer flammability, two clays were used. The natural clay was a US mined and refined montmorillonite, while the synthetic clay was a fluorinated synthetic mica. These two clays were used as inorganic clays for control experiments in polystyrene, and then converted into an organoclay by ion exchange with an alkyl ammonium salt. The organoclays were used to synthesize polystyrene nanocomposites by melt compounding. Each of the formulations was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Flammability performance was measured by cone calorimeter. The data from the experiments show that the synthetic clay does slightly better at reducing the heat release rate (HRR) than the natural clay. However, all the samples, including the inorganic clay polystyrene microcomposites, showed a decreased time to ignition, with the actual nanocomposites showing the most marked decrease. The reason for this is postulated to be related to the thermal instability of the organoclay (via the quaternary alkyl ammonium). An additional experiment using a more thermally stable organoclay showed a time to ignition identical to that of the base polymer. Finally, it was shown that while polymer-clay nanocomposites (either synthetic or natural clay -based) greatly reduce the HRR of a material, making it more fire safe, they do not provide ignition resistance by themselves, at least, at practical loadings. Specifically, the cone calorimeter HRR curve data appear to support that these nanocomposites continue to burn once ignited, rather than self-extinguish.
机译：聚合物粘土纳米复合材料由于其机械，热和可燃性之间的平衡而成为一类新型的阻燃材料。对于纳米复合材料的可燃性应用，天然粘土比合成粘土要完成更多的工作。天然和合成粘土在纳米复合材料中的使用有其优点和缺点，本文将讨论其中的一些基本和实用优点。为了比较天然和合成粘土的聚合物可燃性，使用了两种粘土。天然粘土是美国开采和精制的蒙脱石，而合成粘土是氟化合成云母。将这两种粘土用作聚苯乙烯中用于对照实验的无机粘土，然后通过与烷基铵盐的离子交换将其转化为有机粘土。有机粘土用于通过熔融混合合成聚苯乙烯纳米复合材料。通过X射线衍射（XRD），热重分析（TGA）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）分析每种制剂。通过锥形量热仪测量可燃性。实验数据表明，合成粘土在降低热释放率（HRR）方面比天然粘土稍好。但是，包括无机粘土聚苯乙烯微复合材料在内的所有样品均显示出减少的着火时间，而实际的纳米复合材料显示出最明显的减少。推测其原因与有机粘土的热不稳定性（通过季烷基铵）有关。使用更热稳定的有机粘土的另一项实验表明，点燃时间与基础聚合物相同。最后，研究表明，尽管聚合物粘土纳米复合材料（基于合成或天然粘土的材料）大大降低了材料的HRR，使其更加防火，但至少在实际负载下，它们本身无法提供抗燃性。具体而言，锥形量热仪的HRR曲线数据似乎支持这些纳米复合材料一旦点燃就继续燃烧，而不是自熄。

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