Flying Lessons-Last Flight Out: Alaskan Salmon and the DC-3s

Lane Wallace

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Flying Lessons-Last Flight Out: Alaskan Salmon and the DC-3s

机译：飞行课程-最后一次飞行：阿拉斯加鲑鱼和DC-3

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The late September rain is pounding on the fuselage above me and coursing across the narrow, rectangular windscreen that sits less than a foot in front of my face. The frigid Alaskan ocean lies only 400 feet beneath us, but if we went any higher, we'd be in the clouds―clouds that are obscuring a line of towering glacial peaks that rise from the coastline just off our left wing. We are navigating by breakers. As long as we keep the white, foamy breakers in sight off to our left we'll be over the water, so we won't run into anything, but we'll still be close enough to the shoreline not to get lost.

机译：9月下旬的雨水在我上方的机身上猛烈撞击，并在狭窄的矩形挡风玻璃上窜动，挡风玻璃距离我的脸不到一英尺。寒冷的阿拉斯加海洋仅在我们下方400英尺处，但是如果我们再往高处走，我们将身处云层中-云层遮盖了从左翼海岸线上升起的一排高耸的冰川峰。我们正在开拓者。只要我们将白色的泡沫破灭者保持在我们左边的视线范围内，我们就会在水面之上，因此我们不会碰到任何东西，但我们仍将足够靠近海岸线而不会迷路。

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《Flying》 |2003年第1期|p.82-85|共4页
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Lane Wallace;
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1. Alaskan Scientists Study Salmon Hybridization: Does inter-breeding wild and hatchery-raised salmon compromise wild salmon survival? [J] . Hatchery International . 2009,第3期

机译：阿拉斯加科学家研究鲑鱼杂交：野生鲑鱼和孵化场饲养的鲑鱼的杂交会危害野生鲑鱼的生存吗？
2. Flying the DC-3 [J] . Aeroplane . 2015,第12期

机译：飞行DC-3
3. Flying by DC-3 in Latin America [J] . Airliner World . 2007,第期

机译：DC-3在拉丁美洲飞行
4. DC-3 Flying Laboratory- Navigation Sensor and Remote Sensing Flight Test Results [C] . Jacob L. Campbell, Maarten Uijt de Haag, Frank van Graas, Proceedings of the 17th international technical meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2004) . 2004

机译：DC-3飞行实验室-导航传感器和遥感飞行测试结果
5. The effects of salmon availability, social dynamics, and people on black bear (Ursus americanus) fishing behavior on an Alaskan salmon stream. [D] . Chi, Danielle Kay. 1999

机译：鲑鱼的可获得性，社会动态和人对阿拉斯加鲑鱼流中黑熊（Ursus americanus）捕捞行为的影响。
6. Alaskan brown bears (Ursus arctos) aggregate and display fidelity to foraging neighborhoods while preying on Pacific salmon along small streams [O] . Aaron J. Wirsing, Thomas P. Quinn, Curry J. Cunningham, 2018

机译：阿拉斯加棕熊（Ursus arctos）聚集并表现出对觅食社区的忠诚同时沿小溪捕食太平洋鲑鱼
7. Endothermy of dynastine scarab beetles (Cyclocephala colasi) associated with pollination biology of a thermogenic arum lily (Philodendron solimoesense) : Cyclocephala colasi beetles are facultative endotherms that spend most of their adult lives inside the inflorescences of Philodendron solimoesense, where ambient temperature (Ta) averages about 28°C due to floral thermogenesis. Measurements of respiration within a range of Ta showed that active beetles became spontaneously endothermic at Ta below 28°C but were rarely endothermic above it. There was no evidence of endothermy within the inflorescences, indicating that activities in the floral chamber can occur without the high energy expense of endothermy. Bouts of endothermy occurred at lower Ta in respirometer chambers mainly in the evening, when the insects normally fly from one inflorescence to another, and during the night, when they normally eat and mate within the inflorescence. Patterns of endothermy in individual episodes were studied in non-flying beetles with respirometry and infrared thermal imaging. Heat was generated in the thorax by oscillatory waves of respiration that were coupled with thoracic temperature (Tth) increases. Stationary beetles could regulate Tth at about 33°C independently of Ta between 16 and 29°C. At Ta20°C, this represents a 116-fold increase in metabolic rate over resting, ectothermic values. Endothermy was clearly a requirement for flight, and beetles departing inflorescences warmed to about 30°C before take-off. During flight, Tth was dependent on Ta, decreasing from 37 to 28°C at Ta of 37 to 20°C, respectively. The lowest Ta at which flight could occur was about 20°C. Thermal conductance of stationary, endothermic beetles increased at higher metabolic rates, probably because of increased ventilatory heat loss. [O] . Seymour, R.S., White, C.R., Gibernau, Marc 2009

机译：与产热香芋百合（Philodendron solimoesense）授粉生物学相关的动态圣甲虫（Cyclocephala colasi）吸热：Cyclocephala colasi甲虫是兼性吸热体，它们大部分成年生活都在Philodendron solimoesense的花序中，其平均温度（Ta）由于花的生热作用，温度约为28°C。在Ta范围内的呼吸测量表明，活跃的甲虫在Ta低于28°C时会自发吸热，而在Ta高于28°C时很少吸热。在花序中没有吸热的迹象，表明花室中的活动可以在没有高的吸热能量消耗的情况下发生。吸热的爆发主要发生在晚上，当昆虫通常从一个花序飞到另一个花序时，以及在晚上，它们通常在花序中进食并交配时，在呼吸计室的较低Ta处发生。在非飞行甲虫中通过呼吸测定法和红外热成像研究了单个发作中的吸热模式。伴随着胸温（Tth）升高的呼吸振荡波在胸腔中产生热量。固定甲虫可以在约33°C的温度下调节Tth，而与Ta在16至29°C之间的温度无关。在Ta20°C下，这表示其代谢速率比静止的，等温的升高116倍。吸热显然是飞行的要求，离开花序的甲虫在起飞前会升温到约30°C。在飞行过程中，Tth取决于Ta，在Ta从37降至20°C时，Tth分别从37°C降至28°C。可能发生飞行的最低Ta约为20°C。固定的，吸热的甲虫的热导率以较高的代谢率增加，这可能是由于通风热损失增加所致。
8. DETERMINATION OF THE FLYING QUALITIES OF THE DOUGLAS DC-3 AIRPLANE [R] . Arthur Assadourian, John A. Harper 1953

机译：确定道格拉斯DC-3飞机的飞行质量

Flying Lessons-Last Flight Out: Alaskan Salmon and the DC-3s

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