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Analyzing Iran's science and technology foresight programs: recommendations for further practices

机译：分析伊朗的科学和技术预见计划：进一步实践的建议

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Purpose - Studying previous science and technology (S&T) foresight activities reveals information that helps decision makers to redesign policy-making templates aimed at dealing with new millennium challenges. To propose policy recommendations about further S&T foresight programs in Iran, this paper aims to propose a three-phase process to study historical S&T foresight activities at national and sub-national level since 2005 to 2015, to analyze the state of selected activities to discover weaknesses and potential solutions and, finally, to provide strategies and tactics to improve further S&T foresight activities through an expert-based process. Design/methodology/approach - This paper provides a three-stage methodology, designed to survey Iranian historical foresight practices (study) using scoping framework equipped with additional features, diagnosis and evaluating (analyze) and finally proposing recommendations to organize and implement more efficient further foresight practices (design) to initialize further practices in developing countries such as Iran. Findings - Although concerns about future and the importance of foresight activities are raised however Iranian foresight community needs to be developed. As noted in Section 5, Iranian foresight facilitators and specialist are biased to limited methodologies and methods; therefore, creating foresight networks and developing communities is strongly recommended. Research limitations/implications - The main constraint of this research was lack of valid data in the case of some Iranian S&T foresight programs. Originality/value - Iran as a developing country needs to plan for long-run programs; however, there is no integrated study which reviews and analyzes the previous attempts to dedicate insights about how to reframe existing foresight paradigms. As foresight practices facilitate the paths toward sustainability, analyzing and diagnosis of a series of foresight practices ih a devolving country may initialize designing such efforts in less developed world.
机译：目的-研究以前的科学和技术（S＆T）预见活动会揭示信息，这些信息可帮助决策者重新设计旨在应对新千年挑战的决策模板。为了提出有关伊朗进一步的科学与技术预见计划的政策建议，本文旨在提出一个三阶段过程来研究自2005年至2015年以来国家和国家以下各级的历史性科学与技术预见活动，以分析选定活动的状态以发现不足和潜在的解决方案，最后提供策略和策略，通过基于专家的流程来改进进一步的科学和技术预见活动。设计/方法/方法-本文提供了一个三阶段方法，旨在使用具有附加功能的范围界定框架调查伊朗历史前瞻实践（研究），进行诊断和评估（分析），并最终提出建议以组织和进一步提高效率前瞻性实践（设计），以初始化伊朗等发展中国家的进一步实践。调查结果-尽管引起了人们对未来和远见活动的重要性的担忧，但仍需要发展伊朗的远见社区。如第5节所述，伊朗的远见促进者和专家偏向于有限的方法论和方法。因此，强烈建议建立远见网络并发展社区。研究的局限性/意义-这项研究的主要限制是在某些伊朗科学与技术预见计划的情况下缺乏有效数据。独创性/价值-伊朗作为一个发展中国家需要计划长期计划；然而，没有综合的研究来回顾和分析先前的尝试，这些尝试旨在就如何重新构筑现有的预见范式提供见解。由于有远见的做法促进了通往可持续发展的道路，因此，在一个发展中的国家中，对一系列有远见的做法进行分析和诊断可能会促使在欠发达世界进行此类努力的设计。

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