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首页> 外文期刊>Frontiers of economics in China >The Hukou and Land Tenure Systems as Two Middle Income Traps: The Case of Modern China
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The Hukou and Land Tenure Systems as Two Middle Income Traps: The Case of Modern China

机译：户籍制度和土地占有制是两个中等收入陷阱：以近代中国为例

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摘要

China's prevailing hukou (household registration) system and land tenure system seem to be very different in their applications. In fact, they both function to deny the exit right of rural residents from a rural community. Under these systems, rural residents are not allowed to freely exit from collectives if they do not want to lose their entitlements, such as their rights to using collectively owned land and their land-based properties. Farmers are neither allowed to sell their houses to outsiders, nor allowed to sell to outsiders their rights to contracting a piece of land from the collective where their households are registered. For migrant workers from rural areas, it is extremely difficult for them to obtain an urban hukou with all its associated entitlements at an urban locality where they currently work and live. The combined effect of the two systems leads to serious distortions in labor and land markets, resulting in discrimination against migrant workers, sprawling yet exclusive urbanization, housing bubbles, and depressed domestic demand. These distortions further entrench the existing and much widened urban/rural divide. Unless these two systems are thoroughly reformed, the rural residents in Chinese mainland will be trapped in their comparatively much lower income and remain unable to share the gains from the agglomeration effects of urbanization.
机译：中国现行的户籍制度和土地所有制在应用上似乎有很大不同。实际上，它们都具有剥夺农村居民离开农村社区的权利。在这些制度下，农村居民如果不想失去自己的权利，例如其使用集体土地和土地财产的权利，则不得自由地离开集体。不允许农民向外人出售房屋，也不得向外人出售其从其家庭登记的集体手中承包一块土地的权利。对于来自农村地区的农民工来说，他们很难在他们目前工作和生活的城市地区获得具有所有相关权利的城市户口。两种制度的综合作用导致劳动力和土地市场的严重扭曲，导致对移民工人的歧视，蔓延而又排他性的城市化，住房泡沫和国内需求低迷。这些扭曲进一步加深了现有的和日益扩大的城乡差距。除非对这两种制度进行彻底改革，否则中国大陆的农村居民将被困在相对较低的收入中，并无法分享城市化集聚效应带来的收益。

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