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A comprehensive investigation of refinery preheaters foulant samples originated by heavy crude oil fractions as heating fluids

机译：对重质原油馏分作为加热液产生的炼油厂预热器污垢样品的综合研究

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A deep understanding of the mechanisms responsible for fouling from both crude oils and their fractions is paramount to ensure efficient energy recovery in heat exchangers of crude preheat trains. In this work, seven samples of fouling deposits, carefully collected from a number of refinery heat exchangers processing vacuum gas oil (VGO) and vacuum bottom (VB) streams in an atmospheric crude preheat train were investigated using a range of characterization techniques with the aim of identifying the underlying mechanisms that led to deposition. Characterization of the deposits included morphological and physical examination, fractionating solubility test, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray, Combustion Analysis and X-ray Diffraction. In all samples examined, more than 75 wt% of the deposits were identified as inorganic, with about 50 wt% being FeS. At 270-300 degrees C, FeO(OH) was also identified to be deposited on the tube surfaces made in Cr steel alloy, where more fouling and less corrosion were evident compared to carbon steel (CS). These observations were found in agreement with recent laboratory studies aimed at identifying the role of temperature and tube material in petroleum corrosion. Furthermore, sulphur crystals were found in several VGO fouling samples. Based on the experimental results obtained, a mechanism was proposed to explain the corrosion fouling phenomenon, considered to be the underlying mechanism affecting the refinery. The mechanism involves naphthenic acid attack to the tubes' metal surface, decomposition of iron naphthenate, disproportion of iron oxide and sulphidation reactions. The results highlighted the importance of studying deposits formed under industrial conditions, timescales and variation of the deposition process, evidenced by the deposit characteristics, along extensive heat exchanger networks.
机译：对确保原油及其馏分结垢的机理的深刻理解对于确保在原油预热机组的热交换器中进行有效的能量回收至关重要。在这项工作中，使用一系列表征技术，研究了从大气精制预热机组中处理真空瓦斯油（VGO）和真空塔底（VB）物流的许多炼油厂热交换器中精心收集的七个积垢样品。确定导致沉积的潜在机制。沉积物的表征包括形态和物理检查，分级溶解度测试，扫描电子显微镜-能量色散X射线，燃烧分析和X射线衍射。在所有检查的样品中，超过75 wt％的沉积物被鉴定为无机，其中约50 wt％是FeS。在270-300摄氏度下，还发现FeO（OH）沉积在Cr钢合金制成的管子表面上，与碳钢（CS）相比，在这些表面上明显有更多的结垢和更少的腐蚀。这些发现与最近旨在确定温度和管材在石油腐蚀中的作用的实验室研究一致。此外，在几个VGO结垢样品中发现了硫晶体。基于获得的实验结果，提出了一种机制来解释腐蚀结垢现象，该机制被认为是影响炼油厂的潜在机制。其机理包括环烷酸侵蚀管子的金属表面，环烷酸铁的分解，氧化铁的歧化和硫化反应。结果强调了研究在工业条件，时间尺度和沉积过程变化下形成的沉积物的重要性，并通过广泛的热交换器网络以沉积物的特征证明了这一点。

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