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Particle emissions of two unblended alternative jet fuels in a full scale jet engine

机译：全尺寸喷气发动机中两种非混合代用喷气燃料的颗粒排放

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The emission of soot particles from aircraft jet engines is relevant due to their impact on contrail formation and local air quality in airport areas. The reduction of particle emission may be achieved by changes in jet engine design. This, however, will only affect new aircraft. Previous studies have shown that the use of alternative jet fuels feature a co-beneficial reduction of soot emission beside an improved carbon footprint. In the present study, a CFM56-5C4 engine was operated on a test rig with three different fuel types: one reference kerosene, a catalytic hydrothermolysis jet fuel (ReadiJet) and an unblended alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) fuel. Due to the absence of aromatics in the ATJ fuel, ASTM jet fuel requirements are not met, but the use of this fuel led to a reduction of 70% in particle mass compared to the reference fuel. The ReadiJet fuel has higher aromatic content, lower fuel hydrogen content and, thus, an increase in particle emission was observed. For the present engine, the highest soot reductions were observed at lower power settings. In accordance to previous studies, the soot emission showed a good correlation to the hydrogen content of the fuels and the emission reduction matches the estimations of the imFOX model. In order to compare test rig studies to field studies, transient processes must be considered because they govern take-off conditions. Four experiments with different transient thrust patterns were performed on the test rig with regular Jet A-1. If the thrust changes were not very rapid (e.g. 5 s to similar to 90% thrust) the results could be reproduced with a set of pseudo-stationary processes to a sufficient extend. This emphasizes the relevance of test-rig studies for real in-field measurements and local air quality studies.
机译：飞机喷气发动机的烟尘颗粒排放很重要，因为它们会影响轨迹转换和机场区域的局部空气质量。可以通过改变喷气发动机的设计来实现颗粒排放的减少。但是，这只会影响新飞机。先前的研究表明，使用代用喷气燃料的同时，碳排放量得到了减少，从而有利于减少烟尘排放。在本研究中，一台CFM56-5C4发动机在具有三种不同燃料类型的试验台上运行：一种参考煤油，一种催化加氢热解喷气燃料（ReadiJet）和一种非混合酒精-喷气（ATJ）燃料。由于ATJ燃料中不含芳烃，因此无法满足ASTM喷气燃料的要求，但与参考燃料相比，使用这种燃料可将颗粒质量降低70％。 ReadiJet燃料的芳烃含量较高，燃料的氢含量较低，因此观察到颗粒排放量增加。对于本发动机，在较低的功率设置下观察到最高的烟尘减少量。根据先前的研究，烟尘排放与燃料中的氢含量显示出良好的相关性，且排放减少量与imFOX模型的估算值相符。为了将试验台研究与现场研究进行比较，必须考虑过渡过程，因为过渡过程决定着起飞条件。在具有常规Jet A-1的试验台上进行了四个具有不同瞬态推力模式的实验。如果推力变化不是非常快（例如5 s类似于90％推力），则可以通过一组伪平稳过程将结果复制到足够长的范围。这强调了试验台研究与实际现场测量和当地空气质量研究的相关性。

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