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Review of low salinity waterflooding mechanisms: Wettability alteration and its impact on oil recovery

机译：低盐度水土化机制综述：润湿性改变及其对石油回收的影响

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Low salinity waterflooding (LSW) has attracted attention of numerous researchers as a promising technique for enhanced oil recovery, yet its application is still limited because of incomplete mechanisms and unreliable predictions. This paper summarizes relevant mechanisms for predicting responses of LSW. Since the wettability alteration is generally regarded as the most important one among possible LSW mechanisms, two aspects of predicting LSW responses are reviewed: prediction of wettability alteration and effects of wettability alteration on oil recovery. For the first aspect, the importance of more quantitative prediction of wettability alteration is addressed because experimental results have suggested that the optimal wettability may not be water-wet as imagined. From the relation between wettability and interaction forces in the oil-brine-rock systems, mechanisms of wettability alteration are reviewed along with quantitative calculation. The extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory, which has been often used to calculate the contact angles, is not available to obtain an accurate contact angle anymore. For the second aspect, an overview of the optimal wettability for oil recovery is given with relevant pore-scale fluid mechanisms. Though experiments found the maximum oil recovery from weakly water-wet or neutral wet rocks, the results were not elaborate enough to reveal the relation between the contact angle and the oil recovery. The pore-scale simulation is a powerful tool to investigate such relations but so far it still needs further developments on scaling and validations with experimental data.
机译：低盐度水上浇灌（LSW）引起了许多研究人员的注意，这是一个有希望的采购石油恢复技术，但由于机制不完全和不可靠的预测，其应用仍然有限。本文总结了预测LSW响应的相关机制。由于润湿性改变通常被认为是可能的LSW机制中最重要的机制，因此综述了预测LSW响应的两个方面：预测润湿性改变的预测和润湿性改变对溢油的影响。对于第一方面，解决了润湿性改变的更多定量预测的重要性，因为实验结果表明，最佳润湿性可能不会像想象的那样水湿。从油盐岩系统中润湿性和相互作用势之间的关系，审查润湿性改变的机制以及定量计算。通常用于计算接触角的扩展Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-verwey-verwey-overbeek（DLVO）理论不可用以再获得精确的接触角。对于第二方面，给出了具有相关孔隙级流体机制的采油的最佳润湿性的概述。虽然实验发现从弱水湿或中性湿岩中的最大油回收，但结果不足以阐述接触角和溢油之间的关系。孔隙率仿真是一种调查这些关系的强大工具，但到目前为止，它仍然需要进一步的发展和实验数据的缩放和验证。

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