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Plugging Problems Observed In Severe Hydrocracking Of Vacuum Residue

机译：真空残渣的严重加氢裂化中发现的堵塞问题

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摘要

Carbons deposited on the filter after the reactor of hydrocracking (US-Sludge) and in the heat exchanger (DS-Sludge) in a commercial H-Oil process were analyzed through the elemental analysis, XRD, SEM, optical microscope, ~(13)C-NMR and Raman spectroscopy to elucidate their formation mechanism. Heat treatment of sludge and oil products recovered from the commercial process was performed at 698 K of a reaction temperature. XRD showed the presence of Fe_(1-x)S, NaCl, and CaSO_4 as well as carbon (2Θ = 26.6°) in US-Sludge. The carbon showed medium and fine mosaic textures surrounding the isotro-pic grains. DS-Sludge showed mixed texture of domain and flow surrounding the fine mosaic grains. The sludge consisted of stacked carbon flakes with a number of pores on the surface. EDX showed dominant presence of NaCl and CaO particles in the mosaic region. Heat treatment of asphaltene in the product mixed with US-Sludge gave the same appearance to that of DS-Sludge. US- and DS-Sludge are concluded to be formed through the respective carbon formation in the reactor and to be separated on the filter and on the heat exchanger surface, respectively. The carbon particles produced in the reactor collect contaminant Fe_(1-x)S and CaSO_4 particles to form the agglomerate where the growth and coalescence of the aniso-tropic spheres are very restricted to form the fine mosaic texture as observed in the US-Sludge. In contrast, the carbonization of the major precipitated heavy aromatic component leads to the domain or flow anisotropic texture through rather free growth and coalescence of anisotropic spheres on the surface of the heat exchanger wall. Although some parts of precipitated component together with US-Sludge give mosaic texture through the restricted growth and coalescence of anisotropic sphere by the presence of reactive fine solids.
机译：通过元素分析，XRD，SEM，光学显微镜对加氢裂化反应器（US-Sludge）加氢裂化反应器（US-Sludge）过滤器上的碳和热交换器（DS-Sludge）中沉积的碳进行了分析（〜13） C-NMR和拉曼光谱法阐明了它们的形成机理。从商业过程中回收的污泥和油产品的热处理在698 K的反应温度下进行。 XRD显示US-污泥中存在Fe_（1-x）S，NaCl和CaSO_4以及碳（2θ= 26.6°）。碳在各向同性的晶粒周围显示出中等和精细的镶嵌纹理。 DS-污泥显示出细小镶嵌颗粒周围的畴和流的混合纹理。污泥由堆积的碳薄片组成，在表面上有许多孔。 EDX显示马赛克区域中主要存在NaCl和CaO颗粒。与US-Sludge混合的产品中沥青质的热处理与DS-Sludge的外观相同。得出结论认为，US-污泥和DS-污泥是通过反应器中相应的碳形成而形成的，并分别在过滤器和热交换器表面上被分离。反应器中产生的碳颗粒会收集污染物Fe_（1-x）S和CaSO_4颗粒以形成团聚体，各向异性球体的生长和聚结非常受限制，以形成精细的镶嵌纹理，如美国污泥中观察到的。相反，主要沉淀的重质芳族组分的碳化通过热交换器壁表面上各向异性球体的相当自由的生长和聚结而导致畴或流动各向异性织构。尽管沉淀成分的某些部分与US-Sludge一起通过反应性细固体的存在限制了各向异性球体的生长和聚结，从而提供了马赛克质地。

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