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On Byzantine fault tolerance in multi-master Kubernetes clusters

机译：多主kubernetes集群中的拜占庭容错

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摘要

Docker container virtualization technology is being widely adopted in cloud computing environments because of its lightweight and efficiency. However, it requires adequate control and management via an orchestrator. As a result, cloud providers are adopting the open-access Kubernetes platform as the standard orchestrator of containerized applications. To ensure applications' availability in Kubernetes, the latter uses Raft protocol's replication mechanism. Despite its simplicity, Raft assumes that machines fail only when shutdown. This failure event is rarely the only reason for a machine's malfunction. Indeed, software errors or malicious attacks can cause machines to exhibit Byzantine (i.e. random) behavior and thereby corrupt the accuracy and availability of the replication protocol. In this paper, we propose a Kubernetes multi-Master Robust (KmMR) platform to overcome this limitation. KmMR is based on the adaptation and integration of the BFT-SMaRt fault-tolerant replication protocol into Kubernetes environment. Unlike Raft protocol, BFT-SMaRt is resistant to both Byzantine and non-Byzantine faults. Experimental results show that KmMR is able to guarantee the continuity of services, even when the total number of tolerated faults is exceeded. In addition, KmMR provides on average a consensus time 1000 times shorter than that achieved by the conventional platform (with Raft), in such condition. Finally, we show that KmMR generates a small additional cost in terms of resource consumption compared to the conventional platform.
机译：由于其轻量级和效率，Docker容器虚拟化技术在云计算环境中被广泛采用。但是，它需要通过Orchestrator进行充分的控制和管理。因此，云提供商正在采用Open-Access Kubernetes平台作为容器化应用程序的标准乐队。为了确保应用程序在Kubernetes中的可用性，后者使用RAFT协议的复制机制。尽管它很简单，筏假定机器只有在关闭时失败。此故障事件很少是机器故障的唯一原因。实际上，软件错误或恶意攻击可能导致机器展示拜占庭（即随机）行为，从而损坏了复制协议的准确性和可用性。在本文中，我们提出了一个kubernetes多主机鲁棒（KMMR）平台来克服这种限制。 KMMR基于BFT-Smart容错复制协议的适应和集成到Kubernetes环境中。与RAFT协议不同，BFT-SMART对拜占庭和非百建别故障抵抗。实验结果表明，只要超出了容忍故障总数，KMMR能够保证服务的连续性。此外，KMMR平均提供了比传统平台（用筏）在这种情况下实现的3000倍的共识时间。最后，我们显示KMMR与传统平台相比，在资源消耗方面产生小额费用。

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