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首页> 外文期刊>Gender in Management >Exploring the challenges facing women entrepreneurs in informal cross-border trade in Botswana
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Exploring the challenges facing women entrepreneurs in informal cross-border trade in Botswana

机译：探索女企业家在博茨瓦纳非正式跨境贸易中面临的挑战

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Purpose - This paper aims to look at Botswana women entrepreneurs involved in informal cross-border trade (ICBT). It addresses the following questions: What is the nature of the entrepreneurship activities that the women engage in, the funding sources and profitability of the businesses? How has the business helped to enhance women's economic empowerment? What are the factors that influence participation of women in these businesses and their challenges? Design/methodology/approach - The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods in studying the challenges faced by Botswana women entrepreneurs in ICBT. A sample of 319 women were identified for study using a combination of the systematic sampling method and snowball techniques. Questionnaires were administered on the sampled women by trained research assistants. In addition, key informant interviews and focus group discussion were conducted on selected women entrepreneurs and key personnel from the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Customs and Immigration Offices at the border posts. Findings - The study revealed that the majority of the women (67 per cent) were under 35 years of age, 69 per cent had very little education (senior secondary certificate and below), 41 per cent were unemployed and 44 per cent were single (never married). The women traded mainly in agricultural products and industrial goods. Raising income for the families (49 per cent) ranked highest as the push factor for the women entrepreneurs. The average monthly profit made by the women was P5916.77 ± 409.86 (US$657.42 ±45.54). The major constraints faced by the women traders were delays at the borders, long hours of travel, time away from their homes and stiff completion with other traders. ICBT was shown to be highly profitable for the women entrepreneurs, with gross profit margin on imported goods at 59.5 per cent. Research limitations/implications - The study limitations included fear that the research assistants are agents of the income tax department disguised as researchers and that the collected information may be passed on to government authorities for the purpose of taxation. It was not possible to evaluate the impact of these feelings by the respondents on the responses. However, "anonymity" was the best strategy for getting information. They were assured in the consent form and orally that information provided was not going to be divulged to any other sources and that the questionnaire does not contain anybody's personal information which could be used to track the person. Notwithstanding these limitations, the study design was appropriate for the purpose of the research. The instrument was adequate as can be seen from the high values of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.90) and knowledgeable research assistants who collected the data under the supervision of the authors. Practical implications - The women entrepreneurs were able to generate substantial incomes and profits that enabled them to improve the livelihood of the families and empowered them to themselves take major decisions in their families. The educational status of the women needs to be improved, as this will be necessary to improve their entrepreneurial skills. Social implications - Reduction in internal taxes on imported goods by the women can enhance the profitability of the businesses. Originality/value - The study is highly original, especially as no such study has been undertaken in Botswana before. The methodology used is very adequate and specially articulated to achieve the objective of the study. The research assistants were well-trained for this assignment.
机译：目的-本文旨在研究参与非正式跨境贸易（ICBT）的博茨瓦纳女企业家。它解决了以下问题：妇女从事的创业活动的性质是什么，资金来源和企业的盈利能力是什么？企业如何帮助增强妇女的经济权能？影响女性参与这些企业及其挑战的因素有哪些？设计/方法/方法-这项研究使用定性和定量方法研究博茨瓦纳女企业家在ICBT中所面临的挑战。结合系统抽样方法和雪球技术，确定了319名妇女作为研究样本。由训练有素的研究助理对被抽样的妇女进行问卷调查。此外，还对来自边境贸易和工业部，海关和移民局的选定女企业家和关键人员进行了重要的知情人访谈和焦点小组讨论。调查结果-研究表明，大多数妇女（67％）年龄在35岁以下，有69％的妇女受过很少的教育（高中及以下学历），有41％的妇女失业，有44％的妇女是单身（从未结婚）。妇女主要从事农产品和工业品贸易。家庭收入的增长（49％）是女企业家的最高推动力。妇女平均每月获利为P5916.77±409.86（US $ 657.42±45.54）。女商人面临的主要制约因素是边境延误，长时间旅行，离开家的时间以及与其他商人的艰难交往。事实证明，《公约》对女企业家来说是高利润的，进口商品的毛利率为59.5％。研究局限性/含意-研究局限性包括担心研究助理是伪装成研究人员的所得税部门的代理人，并且所收集的信息可能会出于征税的目的而传递给政府当局。无法评估受访者的这些情绪对回应的影响。但是，“匿名”是获取信息的最佳策略。他们在同意书中得到保证，并且口头保证所提供的信息不会泄露给其他任何来源，并且调查表不包含任何可用于追踪此人的个人信息。尽管有这些限制，但研究设计仍适合于研究目的。从克朗巴赫（Cronbach）α系数（0.90）的高值以及在作者的监督下收集数据的知识渊博的研究助手可以看出，该工具足够了。实际意义-女企业家能够产生可观的收入和利润，使她们能够改善家庭生活，并赋予她们自己在家庭中做出重大决定的权力。妇女的教育地位有待提高，因为这对于提高她们的创业技能必不可少。社会影响-妇女减少进口商品的内部税可以提高企业的盈利能力。原创性/价值-这项研究具有高度的原创性，特别是因为以前在博茨瓦纳没有进行过此类研究。所使用的方法非常合适，并专门阐明了要达到研究目的的方法。研究助理接受了良好的训练。

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