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首页> 外文期刊>Geofluids >Seepage forces, important factors in the formation of horizontal hydraulic fractures and bedding-parallel fibrous veins ('beef and 'cone-in-cone')
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Seepage forces, important factors in the formation of horizontal hydraulic fractures and bedding-parallel fibrous veins ('beef and 'cone-in-cone')

机译：渗流力是形成水平水力压裂和顺层平行纤维脉（“牛”和“圆锥内”）的重要因素

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摘要

Bedding-parallel fibrous veins ('beef and 'cone-in-cone') are common to a number of sedimentary basins, especially those containing black shale. The type locality is SW England. The commonest mineral in the fibres is calcite. The fibres indicate vertical opening, against the force of gravity. In the past, this has been attributed to fluid overpressure. However, a simple analysis, based on Von Terzaghi's concepts, leads to the conclusion that, for the fractures to be horizontal, either the rock must be anisotropic, or it must be subject to horizontal compression. By means of a more complete analysis, supported by physical models, we show that horizontal fractures are to be expected, even if the rock is isotropic and there are no tectonic stresses. Upward fluid flow, in response to an overpressure gradient, imparts seepage forces to all elements of the solid framework. The seepage forces counteract the weight of the rock, and even surpass it, generating a tensile effective stress. The process may lead, either to tensile hydraulic fracturing, or to dilatant shear failure. We suggest that these two failure modes, and the availability of suitable solutes, explain the frequent occurrence of 'beef and 'cone-in-cone' respectively.
机译：平行于床层的纤维脉（“牛肉”和“圆锥内”）在许多沉积盆地中都很常见，尤其是那些含有黑色页岩的盆地。类型位置是西南英格兰。纤维中最常见的矿物是方解石。纤维显示出垂直打开，抵抗重力。在过去，这归因于流体超压。但是，根据冯·特扎吉（Von Terzaghi）的概念进行的简单分析得出的结论是，对于水平裂缝，岩石必须是各向异性的，或者必须承受水平压缩。通过更完整的分析，并在物理模型的支持下，我们表明，即使岩石是各向同性的且没有构造应力，水平裂缝也是可以预料的。响应于超压梯度，向上的流体流动将渗流力施加到固体框架的所有元件上。渗透力抵消了岩石的重量，甚至超过了岩石的重量，从而产生了拉伸有效应力。该过程可能导致拉伸水力压裂或膨胀剪切破坏。我们建议这两种失效模式以及合适溶质的可用性分别解释了“牛肉”和“圆锥内锥”的频繁发生。

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