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Contextualising integrated conservation and development projects: Restoring the lost 'harambee' link in Kenya

机译：将综合性的自然保护和开发项目具体化：恢复肯尼亚失去的“ harambee”链接

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Kenya was at the vanguard of adopting Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs) in the 1980s in response to high population growth rates that posed a serious threat to globally valued ecological zones. But most ICDPs were criticised for failing to deliver on the promise of sustainable development. The failure by project planners to intemalise contextual socio-economic factors into project design is often cited as a major cause for the unsatisfactory outcomes. Development practitioners in Kenya consistently utilise self-help collectives structured on a nationally popular concept known as "harambee" to distribute project resources in order to satisfy prevailing community inclusion imperatives. This research utilises a political ecology approach to examine the perceptions of local and external actors involved in implementing a forest-adjacent ICDP among two communities. The study found that the assumed trickle-down effects from the introduced income-generating activities largely failed to materialise. Harambee collectives have a strong normative component for social cohesion in addition to surplus creation functions. The failure to appreciate and internalise these two sometimes contradictory aims by development practitioners resulted in missed opportunities for adaptive learning and greater community engagement that could be potentially transformative to rural development practice in Kenya and beyond.
机译：肯尼亚在1980年代率先采取综合保护与发展项目（ICDP），以应对人口增长率过高的问题，这对全球价值较高的生态区构成了严重威胁。但大多数人发会议由于未能兑现可持续发展的承诺而受到批评。项目策划人员未能将上下文的社会经济因素内化到项目设计中，通常被认为是导致结果不令人满意的主要原因。肯尼亚的开发从业人员始终利用以全国知名的“ harambee”概念为基础的自助团体来分配项目资源，以满足当前普遍的社区融合需求。这项研究利用一种政治生态学方法来检验参与在两个社区之间实施与森林相邻的ICDP的本地和外部参与者的看法。研究发现，引入的创收活动所产生的trick流效应在很大程度上未能实现。 Harambee集体除了具有多余的创造功能外，还具有强大的社会凝聚力规范组成部分。发展执业者未能欣赏和内化这两个有时相互矛盾的目标，导致错过了适应性学习的机会和社区参与度的提高，这可能会改变肯尼亚及其他地区的农村发展实践。

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