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Urbanization and class-produced natures: Vegetable gardens in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region

机译：都市化与阶级生产的自然：巴塞罗那大都市区的菜园

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This paper examines urban vegetable gardens in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona (MRB) in the context of a political ecological approach. We argue that these gardens provide an interesting example of how the urbanization process creates particular "socionatures" linked in this case to retired members of the working class who occupy (often as squatters) and transform the interstices left by the expanding city in order to produce food at a small scale. We document how these vegetable gardens are the product of a peculiar form of the recent urban history of the area, and also how they are increasingly under pressure due to the rapid process of sprawl now characterizing the expansion of the built environment in the Barcelona region. Vegetable gardens also highlight the contradictions of public policies in managing urban development, since the general attitude towards their elimination from the urban landscape stands in opposition to many of the sustainability initiatives such as the "greening of cities" promoted by city councils in this area. The empirical analysis was carried out in the municipality of Terrassa, one of the largest cities in the MRB, and also one with a higher number of vegetable gardens. We interviewed 132 plot users and obtained data about the legal status of gardens, their size and appearance, and crops grown, as well as the reasons for pursuing this activity. Our results show that, in general, this is an activity undertaken by people over 60 years old, often retired members of the working class that migrated to Catalonia from other Spanish regions in the 1960s and 1970s, and that use these spaces for a variety of reasons (personal goals, support to their families, and also as a bond to their rural past). Finally, we develop some conclusions regarding vegetable gardens in which we maintain that different social classes may create different natures but that class and power relations appear to legitimize some of these natures over others, for example, private and public gardens having a much larger social and institutional appeal and support than the vegetable gardens of the retired workers.
机译：本文以政治生态学方法考察了巴塞罗那大都会（MRB）的城市菜园。我们认为，这些花园提供了一个有趣的例子，说明了城市化过程如何创建特定的“联系”，在这种情况下，这些联系与工人阶级的退休成员相关联，他们占据（通常是棚户区）并改变扩张中的城市留下的空隙以生产小规模的食物。我们记录了这些菜园如何成为该地区近期城市历史的特殊形式的产物，以及由于迅速蔓延的过程（如今已成为巴塞罗那地区建筑环境的扩展），它们如何承受越来越大的压力。菜园还凸显了管理城市发展的公共政策的矛盾之处，因为人们普遍反对将菜园从城市景观中消除的态度与许多可持续发展举措（例如市议会在该地区倡导的“城市绿化”）​​相反。实证分析是在Terrassa市进行的，该市是MRB中最大的城市之一，也是蔬菜园数量较多的城市。我们采访了132个样地用户，并获得了有关花园的法律地位，其大小和外观，所种庄稼以及进行此项活动的原因的数据。我们的结果表明，总体而言，这是由60岁以上的人从事的活动，这些人通常是工人阶级的退休成员，在1960年代和1970年代从西班牙其他地区移居到加泰罗尼亚，并将这些场所用于各种原因（个人目标，对家庭的支持以及与农村过去的联系）。最后，我们得出了有关菜园的一些结论，在这些结论中，我们认为不同的社会阶级可能会创造出不同的性质，但阶级和权力关系似乎使其中的一些性质合法化，例如，私人和公共花园的社会和社区规模更大。制度上的吸引力和支持远胜于退休工人的菜园。

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