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Visualizing Kinematics of Dynamic Penetration in Granular Media Using Transparent Soils

机译：使用透明土壤可视化颗粒介质中动态渗透的运动学

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摘要

This paper describes a new method for quantitative analysis of dynamic penetration into granular media. The method is based on refractive index matching used to produce transparent synthetic soils. First, a procedure referred to as the embedded plane technique is introduced, to overcome limitations with laser illumination in high-speed photography. The technique consists of seeding an embedded plane with opaque particles sandwiched within the transparent soil to visualize in-plane granular kinematics. Details of sample preparation are presented, and other issues related to rapid penetration into index-matched media are discussed. High-speed image acquisition is introduced for transparent soils, and relevant target illumination techniques are described. Finally, improved digital image correlation methods are introduced and used to derive displacement fields. Shear and volumetric strains are then calculated. Analyses performed on acquired images are used to illustrate the applicability of these novel index-matching methods to the study of low-velocity penetration into granular media. The data illustrates that, for impact velocities considered in this study, the majority of lateral displacements during penetration are contained to approximately four projectile diameters from the penetration axis. Vertical displacements extend several penetrator diameters ahead of the penetrator. Moreover, penetration is accompanied by significant vertical afterflow. Finally, a region of dense sand forms ahead of the penetrator with a conical shape, which travels with the penetrator during penetration.
机译：本文介绍了一种定量分析动态渗透到颗粒介质中的新方法。该方法基于用于生产透明合成土壤的折射率匹配。首先，引入一种称为嵌入式平面技术的程序，以克服高速摄影中激光照明的局限性。该技术包括用不透明的颗粒夹在透明土壤中的嵌入式平面上播种，以可视化平面内的颗粒运动学。介绍了样品制备的详细信息，并讨论了与快速渗透到索引匹配介质有关的其他问题。针对透明土壤引入了高速图像采集，并介绍了相关的目标照明技术。最后，介绍了改进的数字图像相关方法并将其用于导出位移场。然后计算剪切应变和体积应变。对获取的图像进行的分析用于说明这些新颖的指数匹配方法在研究低速渗透颗粒介质中的适用性。数据表明，对于本研究中考虑的冲击速度，穿透过程中的大部分横向位移都包含在从穿透轴开始的大约四个弹丸直径处。垂直位移使穿透器的直径扩大到穿透器之前。此外，渗透伴随着明显的垂直后流。最后，在穿透器之前形成圆锥形的致密砂子区域，该区域在穿透过程中与穿透器一起移动。

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