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Geothermal development in Hungary―country update report 2000-2002

机译：匈牙利的地热开发-2000-2002年国家最新报告

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摘要

This paper describes the status of geothermal energy utilization―direct use―in Hungary, with emphasis on developments between 2000 and 2002. The level of utilization of geothermal energy in the world increased in this period and geothermal energy was the leading producer, with 70% of the total electricity production, of all the renewable energy sources (wind, solar, geothermal and tidal), followed by wind energy at 28%. The current cost of direct heat use from biomass is 1-5 USc/kWh, geothermal 0.5-5 USc/kWh and solar heating 3-20 USc/kWh. The data relative to direct use in Hungary decreased in this period and the contribution of geothermal energy to the energy balance of Hungary, despite significant proven reserves (with reinjection) of 380 million m~3/year, with a heat content of 63.5 PJ/a at ΔT=40℃, remained very low (0.25%). Despite the fact that geothermal fluids with temperatures at the surface higher than 100℃ are available, no electricity has been generated. As of 31 December 2002, the geothermal capacity utilised in direct applications in Hungary is estimated to be 324.5 MW_t and to produce 2804 TJ/year. Geothermal heat pumps represent about 4.0 MW_t of this installed capacity. The quantity of thermal water produced for direct uses in 2002 was approximately 22 million m~3, with an average utilization temperature of 31℃. The main consumer of geothermal energy is agriculture (68% of the total geothermal heat dedicated to direct uses). The geothermal water is used only in five spas for space heating and sanitary hot water (SHW), although there are 260 spas in the country, and the thermal water produced has an average surface temperature of 68℃. The total heat capacity installed in the spas is approximately 1250 MW_t; this is not provided by geothermal but could be, i.e., geothermal could provide more than three times the geothermal capacity utilized in direct uses by 31 December 2002 (324.5 MW_t).
机译：本文介绍了匈牙利地热能利用（直接利用）的现状，重点介绍了2000年至2002年之间的发展情况。在此期间，世界地热能利用水平有所提高，地热能是主要生产国，占70％在所有可再生能源（风能，太阳能，地热能和潮汐能）的总发电量中，其次是风能，占28％。目前，生物质直接供热的成本为1-5 USc / kWh，地热为0.5-5 USc / kWh，太阳能供热为3-20 USc / kWh。尽管有大量探明储量（回注）3.8亿立方米/年，且热量含量为63.5 PJ /年，但匈牙利与直接使用有关的数据在这一时期有所减少，地热能对匈牙利的能源平衡也有贡献。在ΔT= 40℃时，a仍然很低（0.25％）。尽管存在地表温度高于100℃的地热流体，但仍未产生电。截至2002年12月31日，匈牙利直接应用的地热发电量估计为324.5 MW_t，年发电量为2804 TJ。地热热泵约占该装机容量的4.0 MW_t。 2002年直接生产的热水总量约为2200万立方米3，平均利用温度为31℃。地热能的主要消费国是农业（专门用于直接利用的地热总量的68％）。尽管该国有260个水疗中心，但仅在五个温泉中将地热水用于空间供暖和卫生热水（SHW），所产生的热水平均表面温度为68℃。水疗中心安装的总热容量约为1250 MW_t；这不是地热能提供的，而是可能的，即到2002年12月31日，地热能提供直接利用的地热能能力的三倍以上（324.5 MW_t）。

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