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首页> 外文期刊>Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Sportmedisin >Immunsystem und körperliche Belastung: Was ist gesichert?
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Immunsystem und körperliche Belastung: Was ist gesichert?

机译：免疫系统和身体疲劳：什么是安全的？

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Exercise-induced changes of immunological parameters are closely related to hormonal responses and metabolic changes. Exercise leads to an activation of the sympathetic nervous system and is consecutively followed by a mobilization of leukocytes from the marginal into the circulating blood pool. The extent of demargination is dependent on exercise intensities and the individual anaerobic threshold represents a physiological breakpoint. Increasing cortisol levels are followed by a neutrocytosis due to a recruitment of cells from the bone marrow. At the same time homing of lymphocytes into tissues is responsible for the lymphocytopenia. Natural killer cells increase most during exercise and may decrease by 50% compared to pre exercise counts. Duration of exercise is more important for these effects than intensity. Reports about the impact of exercise on proliferative responses of T- and B-lymphocytes as well as cytotoxicity of natural killer cells are contradictory. Monocytes are activated slightly and play a central role in the exercise-induced acute-phase-response. Oxidative burst activity of neutrophils is suppressed by intensive aerobic exercise and anaerobic training sessions, but enhanced after moderate bouts of exercise. In summary, exercise is capable to modulate innate immunity. This modulation is physiological. Type, intensity and duration of exercise are important variables. Adaptive immunity does not seem to be influenced as much as innate immune functions. In comparison to changes of cells counts - as an indicator of impaired cell trafficking - modulations of immune functions are relatively small. In healthy individuals exercise does not induce pathological responses of the immune system. Also, there is no immunosuppression comparable with classical immune defects. One important question for the sports medical practice cannot yet be answered. This question deals with the impact of exercise on the immune system and other organs like the heart during common infections to prevent athletes i.e. from myocarditis.
机译：运动引起的免疫学参数变化与激素反应和代谢变化密切相关。锻炼会导致交感神经系统的激活，并随后将白细胞从边缘转移到循环血池中。分界的程度取决于运动强度，各个无氧阈值代表生理上的断点。皮质醇水平升高后，由于从骨髓中募集细胞而引起中性粒细胞增多。同时，将淋巴细胞归巢到组织中是导致淋巴细胞减少的原因。天然杀伤细胞在运动过程中增加最多，与运动前相比可能减少50％。运动的持续时间比强度更重要。关于运动对T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞增殖反应的影响以及天然杀伤细胞的细胞毒性的报道相互矛盾。单核细胞被轻微激活，并在运动诱发的急性期反应中发挥重要作用。强烈的有氧运动和厌氧训练可抑制中性粒细胞的氧化爆发活性，但经过适度的运动后，中性粒细胞的氧化爆发活性得到抑制。总而言之，运动能够调节先天免疫力。这种调节是生理的。运动的类型，强度和持续时间是重要的变量。适应性免疫似乎不像先天免疫功能那样受到影响。与细胞计数的变化（作为细胞运输受损的指标）相比，免疫功能的调节相对较小。在健康个体中，运动不会诱发免疫系统的病理反应。而且，没有与经典免疫缺陷相当的免疫抑制。运动医学实践的一个重要问题尚未得到解答。这个问题涉及运动对常见感染期间免疫系统和其他器官（如心脏）的影响，以防止运动员（即心肌炎）。

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