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Fluvial morphometry of supraglacial river networks on the southwest Greenland Ice Sheet

机译：格陵兰西南冰原上冰河河流网络的河流形态学

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Extensive, complex supraglacial river networks form on the southwest Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) surface each melt season. These networks are the dominant pathways for surface meltwater transport on this part of the ice sheet, but their fluvial morphometry has received little study. This paper utilizes high-resolution (2m) WorldView-1/2 images, digital elevation models, and GIS tools to present a detailed morphometric characterization (river number, river length, Strahler stream order, width, depth, bifurcation ratio, braiding index, drainage density, slope, and relief ratio) for 523 GrIS supraglacial river networks. A new algorithm is presented to determine Strahler stream order in supraglacial environments. Results show that (1) Supraglacial river networks are broadly similar to terrestrial landscapes in that they follow Horton's laws (river number, mean river length, and slope versus stream order), widen downstream, and have comparable mean bifurcation ratios (3.7 +/- 1.9) and braiding indices; (2) unlike terrestrial systems, supraglacial drainage densities (0.90-4.75km/km(2)) have no correlation with elevation relief, but instead display a weakly inverse correlation with ice surface elevation; (3) both well-developed (e.g., fifth-order) and discrete (e.g., first-order) supraglacial river networks form on the ice sheet, with the latter associated with short flow distances upstream of a terminal moulin; (4) mean river flow widths increase substantially, but flow depths only modestly, with increasing stream order. Viewed collectively, the 523 supraglacial river networks studied here display fluvial morphometries both similar and dissimilar to terrestrial systems, with moulin capture an important physical process driving the latter.
机译：每个融化季节，西南格陵兰冰盖（GrIS）表面都会形成大量复杂的冰川上河网。这些网络是在冰原这一部分上地表融水运移的主要途径，但其河流形态学研究却很少。本文利用高分辨率（2m）WorldView-1 / 2图像，数字高程模型和GIS工具来呈现详细的形态特征（河流数，河长，斯特勒勒河流阶，宽度，深度，分叉比，编织指数， 523 GrIS冰川河网的排水密度，坡度和溢流比）。提出了一种在超冰川环境下确定Strahler流阶的新算法。结果表明：（1）冰川上河网与陆地景观大致相似，因为它们遵循霍顿定律（河流数，平均河长和坡度与河流顺序），向下游扩展，并具有可比的平均分叉比（3.7 +/- 1.9）和编织指数； （2）与地面系统不同，冰川上排水密度（0.90-4.75km / km（2））与高程释放没有关系，但与冰面高度呈弱反相关； （3）冰盖上形成了发达的（例如五阶）和离散的（例如一阶）冰河上河网，后者与终端红磨坊上游的短流距离有关; （4）平均河流量宽度显着增加，但随着水流顺序增加，流量深度仅适度增加。从总体上看，这里研究的523个冰川河网显示出与陆地系统相似和不相似的河流形态，红磨坊的捕获是驱动后者的重要物理过程。

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