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Effect of particle morphology and contacts on particle breakage in a granular assembly studied using X-ray tomography

机译：使用X射线断层扫描研究颗粒形态和接触对颗粒组件中颗粒破裂的影响

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The macroscopic response of a geomaterial is entirely determined by changes at the particle scale. It has been established that particle crushing is affected by particle size, shape and mineral composition and initial density; and the initiation of breakage has often been related to the onset of yielding. Encouraged by the success of X-ray tomography in revealing particle-scale mechanisms of deformation, we present our findings regarding the onset of particle breakage, deriving from our study of 3D images of a dry granular assembly undergoing crushing. We propose two bespoke image analysis algorithms, which allow us to track breakage and identify contacts prior to breakage. The combination of the two algorithms, along with the high resolution of the 3D images enables us for the first time to track breakage of individual particles, identify different breakage modes for each particle and simultaneously study the effect of particle morphology and coordination number on breakage. Three different breakage types are identified: chipping, splitting and fragmentation. We have found that particle heterogeneity and sphericity mainly contribute to fragmentation, whereas the coordination number also affects chipping. The confining stress state within the particles with high coordination number made them more resistive to fragmentation, whereas particles with low coordination number mainly undergo fragmentation. The shearing of the particles at their contact points, leads to local stress concentrations resulting into surface chipping. Finally, we discuss the relation between the initiation of breakage and yielding, showing that some breakage occurs before the point where yielding is traditionally defined.
机译：岩土材料的宏观响应完全取决于粒子尺度的变化。已经确定，颗粒的破碎受颗粒尺寸，形状和矿物组成以及初始密度的影响。断裂的发生通常与屈服的开始有关。受到X射线断层扫描技术成功揭示颗粒尺度变形机制的鼓舞，我们提出了关于颗粒破碎开始的发现，该发现源自对破碎过程中干燥颗粒组件的3D图像的研究。我们提出了两种定制的图像分析算法，这些算法使我们能够跟踪破损并在破损之前确定接触。两种算法的结合以及3D图像的高分辨率使我们首次能够追踪单个颗粒的破裂，为每个颗粒识别不同的破裂模式，同时研究颗粒形态和配位数对破裂的影响。确定了三种不同的破损类型：碎裂，分裂和碎裂。我们已经发现，粒子的异质性和球形性主要导致碎片化，而配位数也影响碎裂。具有高配位数的颗粒内的限制应力状态使其对碎裂的抵抗力增强，而具有低配位数的颗粒主要经受碎裂。颗粒在其接触点处的剪切导致局部应力集中，从而导致表面碎裂。最后，我们讨论了断裂起始与屈服之间的关系，表明在传统上定义屈服点之前发生了一些断裂。

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