Butterfly could help fight tree taking over Hawaii forests

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Butterfly could help fight tree taking over Hawaii forests

机译：蝴蝶可以帮助抵抗占领夏威夷森林的树木

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A butterfly normally found in Central America could be used to fight an invasive tree species taking over large areas of Hawaii forest, officials said. The Hawaii Department of Agriculture and Department of Land and Natural Resources have proposed releasing the golden sombermark butterfly to help curb the invasive miconia tree, The Maui News reported last week. The golden sombermark has been used in Costa Rica to fight the miconia, which is now difficult to find in the Central American country, said Tracy Johnson, a Forest Service entomologist. The butterfly "is one of many specialized natural enemies important for keeping miconia in check and in balance with its ecosystem," Johnson said in a statement. Miconia was first brought to Wahiawa Botanical Garden in 1961 as an ornamental plant and was later introduced to other botanical gardens on Oahu, according to a draft environmental assessment of the project released last week. The tree reached Hawaii island by 1964, Maui in the early 1970s and Kauai by the early 1980s, the assessment said. The plant is native to Central and South America, from Mexico to Argentina, and can grow more than 52 feet tall, although it usually reaches heights of 13 to 40 feet. The tree's dark green leaves with purple undersides can quickly shade over and dominate other species, eventually taking over areas.

机译：官员说，通常在中美洲发现的一只蝴蝶可以用来与入侵大面积夏威夷森林的入侵树种作斗争。毛伊岛新闻社上周报道，夏威夷农业部和国土资源部已提议释放金色的琥珀色蝴蝶，以遏制入侵性米科树。森林服务昆虫学家特雷西·约翰逊（Tracy Johnson）表示，金色的琥珀色标记已在哥斯达黎加用来抵抗氨气，而现在在中美洲这个国家很难找到。约翰逊在一份声明中说，蝴蝶“是许多重要的自然天敌之一，对保持密克制和与其生态系统的平衡很重要。”根据上周发布的对该项目的环境评估草案，密歇根州首先于1961年被带入瓦希瓦植物园作为观赏植物，随后被引入瓦胡岛的其他植物园。评估说，该树在1964年到达夏威夷岛，在1970年代初到达毛伊岛，在1980年代初期到达考艾岛。该植物原产于中美洲和南美洲，从墨西哥到阿根廷，虽然通常达到13至40英尺的高度，但可以长到52英尺以上。该树的深绿色叶子底侧为紫色，可迅速遮盖并占据其他物种的主导地位，最终占据了该区域。

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《Greenwire》 |2020年第may4期|11-11|共1页
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1. Native trees show conservative water use relative to invasive trees: results from a removal experiment in a Hawaiian wet forest [J] . Lawren Sack, Molly A. Cavaleri, Rebecca Ostertag, Conservation Physiology . 2014,第1期

机译：原生树显示出相对于入侵树而言保守的用水：来自夏威夷湿林的清除实验的结果
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3. Landscape-scale GPP and carbon density inform patterns and impacts of an invasive tree across wet forests of Hawaii [J] . Barbosa Jomar M., Asner Gregory P., Hughes R. Flint, Ecological Applications . 2017,第2期

机译：景观规模的GPP和碳密度为夏威夷湿林中侵入树的模式和影响提供了信息和影响
4. A UAV with Autonomy, Pattern Recognition for Forest Fire Prevention, and AI for Providing Advice to Firefighters Fighting Forest Fires [C] . E. A. Yfantis IEEE Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference . 2019

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5. Evolutionary genetic studies of forest trees: Genetic structure of the boreal forest tree Pinus banksiana, and, The molecular phylogeny of the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae. [D] . Chiovitti, Sandra Lucy. 2006

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6. Native trees show conservative water use relative to invasive trees: results from a removal experiment in a Hawaiian wet forest [O] . Molly A. Cavaleri, Rebecca Ostertag, Susan Cordell, 2014

机译：原生树相对于入侵树显示出保守的用水：来自夏威夷湿林的清除实验的结果
7. Figure 6: (A) Tree resulted the standard MP analysis of the 98-loci supermatrix of the Great Apes (Hominidae, Primates, Mammalia) constructed using the modified summary of Lehtonen et al. (2011) (see “Materials and Methods” for the details) and a posteriori rooted relatively Papio (length = 12,092, CI = 0.7877, RI = 0.5597); 34,022 characters are constant, and the number of the parsimony-informative characters is equal to 4,311. MP BS values are provided below branches. The only characters with non-ambiguous value of the outgroup (Papio) have been saved within concatenated alignment; (B) the average consensus tree of the score 0.00084 resulted the analysis of the Hennigian forest of the 5,507 trees derived from the binary representation of the 98-loci supermatrix of the Great Apes (Hominidae, Primates, Mammalia) (see “Materials and Methods” for the details); Papio is assumed to be the best all-plesiomorphic group. “Additional…” FORESTER’s output tree file (see “Materials and Methods” for the details) selected for future analyses; (C) the average consensus tree of the score 0.00090 resulted the analysis of the Hennigian forest of the 5,339 trees derived from the modified binary representation of the 98-loci supermatrix of the Great Apes (Hominidae, Primates, Mammalia) (see 6.I. and “Materials and Methods” for the details), but with all 168 trees, which contain the clade (Homo plus Pan) have been removed from the input forest. “Additional…” FORESTER’s output tree file (see “Materials and Methods”) selected for future analyses. [O] . -1

机译：图6：（A）树导致的标准MP分析的98-基因座的类人猿（人科，灵长类动物，哺乳动物），使用莱赫托宁等人的修改的摘要构成的超级矩阵。（2011）（参见细节“材料和方法”）以及相对植根狒狒后验概率（长度= 12092，CI = 0.7877，RI = 0.5597）; 34022个字符是恒定的，并且简约信息的字符数等于4311。下面提供分支MP BS值。与外类群（狒狒）的非模糊值的唯一的字符已被保存的级联对准内; （B）的得分0.00084的平均一致树导致从巨猿（原始人类，灵长类动物，哺乳动物）的98座超级矩阵的二进制表示获得的5507棵的Hennigian森林的分析（见“材料和方法”为细节）;狒狒被认为是最好的全祖征群。 “其他...” FORESTER的输出树文件（请参阅详细信息“材料和方法”），用于进一步的分析; （C）的分数0.00090的平均一致树导致从98个位点的类人猿（人科，灵长类动物，哺乳动物）的超级矩阵（见6.I的改性二进制表示导出的5339种树木的Hennigian森林的分析以及“材料和方法”的详细说明），但所有168棵，其中包含的分支（智人加PAN）已经从输入林中删除。 “其他...” FORESTER的输出树文件（参见“材料和方法”），用于进一步的分析。

Butterfly could help fight tree taking over Hawaii forests

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