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Environmental Factors Associated With Natural Methane Occurrence in the Appalachian Basin

机译：阿巴拉契亚盆地与自然甲烷发生有关的环境因素

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The recent boom in shale gas development in the Marcellus Shale has increased interest in the methods to distinguish between naturally occurring methane in groundwater and stray methane associated with drilling and production operations. This study evaluates the relationship between natural methane occurrence and three principal environmental factors (groundwater redox state, water type, and topography) using two pre-drill datasets of 132 samples from western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia and 1417 samples from northeastern Pennsylvania. Higher natural methane concentrations in residential wells are strongly associated with reducing conditions characterized by low nitrate and low sulfate ([NO3-]< 0.5 mg/L; [SO42-]< 2.5mg/L). However, no significant relationship exists between methane and iron [Fe(II)], which is traditionally considered an indicator of conditions that have progressed through iron reduction. As shown in previous studies, water type is significantly correlated with natural methane concentrations, where sodium (Na) -rich waters exhibit significantly higher (p < 0.001) natural methane concentrations than calcium (Ca)-rich waters. For water wells exhibiting Na-rich waters and/or low nitrate and low sulfate conditions, valley locations are associated with higher methane concentrations than upland topography. Consequently, we identify three factors ("Low NO3- & SO42-'' redox condition, Na-rich water type, and valley location), which, in combination, offer strong predictive power regarding the natural occurrence of high methane concentrations. Samples exhibiting these three factors have a median methane concentration of 10,000 mu g/L. These heuristic relationships may facilitate the design of pre-drill monitoring programs and the subsequent evaluation of post-drill monitoring results to help distinguish between naturally occurring methane and methane originating from anthropogenic sources or migration pathways.
机译：Marcellus页岩最近页岩气开发的热潮使人们对区分地下水中天然存在的甲烷和与钻探和生产作业相关的杂散甲烷的方法越来越感兴趣。这项研究使用来自宾夕法尼亚州西部，俄亥俄州和西弗吉尼亚州的132个样本和宾夕法尼亚州东北部的1417个样本的两个预钻数据集，评估了天然甲烷的产生与三个主要环境因素（地下水的氧化还原状态，水类型和地形）之间的关系。居民井中较高的天然甲烷浓度与低硝酸盐和低硫酸盐（[NO3-] <0.5 mg / L； [SO42-] <2.5mg / L）特征的还原条件密切相关。但是，甲烷和铁[Fe（II）]之间不存在显着关系，传统上认为这是通过铁还原而进展的指标。如先前的研究所示，水类型与天然甲烷浓度显着相关，其中富含钠（Na）的水比富含钙（Ca）的水表现出更高的（p <0.001）天然甲烷浓度。对于表现出富钠水和/或低硝酸盐和低硫酸盐条件的水井，与高地地形相比，谷位置与更高的甲烷浓度相关。因此，我们确定了三个因素（“低NO3-和SO42-”的氧化还原条件，富含Na的水类型和谷位置），这些因素相结合可对自然产生高甲烷浓度提供强大的预测能力。这三个因素的甲烷平均浓度为10,000μg / L。这些启发式关系可能有助于设计钻前监测程序和后续评估钻后监测结果，以帮助区分天然存在的甲烷和人为源甲烷来源或迁移途径。

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  • 来源
    《Ground water》 |2016年第5期|656-668|共13页
  • 作者

    Molofsky Lisa J.; Connor John A.; McHugh Thomas E.; Richardson Stephen D.; Woroszylo Casper; Alvarez Pedro J.;

  • 作者单位

    GSI Environm Inc, 2211 Norfolk St,Suite 1000, Houston, TX 77098 USA;

    GSI Environm Inc, 2211 Norfolk St,Suite 1000, Houston, TX 77098 USA;

    GSI Environm Inc, 2211 Norfolk St,Suite 1000, Houston, TX 77098 USA;

    GSI Environm Inc, Austin, TX USA;

    Rice Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Houston, TX USA|Rice Univ, Dept Stat, Houston, TX 77251 USA;

    Rice Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Houston, TX USA|Rice Univ, Dept Stat, Houston, TX 77251 USA;

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