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首页> 外文期刊>Harmful Algae >The physiological adaptations and toxin profiles of the toxic Alexandrium fundyense on the eastern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea shelves
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The physiological adaptations and toxin profiles of the toxic Alexandrium fundyense on the eastern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea shelves

机译：白令海东部和楚科奇海陆架有毒亚历山大藻的生理适应性和毒素谱

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摘要

Abundant cyst distributions of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense (previous A. tamarense north American Glade) were recently observed on the north Chukchi Sea shelf and on the eastern Bering Sea shelf, suggesting that A. fundyense is both highly adapted to the local environments in the high latitude areas and might cause toxin contamination of plankton feeders. However, little is known about the physiological characteristics and toxin profiles of A. fundyense in these areas, which are characterized by low water temperatures, weak sunlight, and more or less permanent ice cover during winter. To clarify the physiological characteristics of A. fundyense, the effects of water temperature and light intensity on the vegetative growth and toxin profiles of this species were examined using A. fundyense strains isolated from one sediment sample collected from each area. Using the same sediments samples, seasonal changes of the cyst germination in different water temperatures were investigated. Vegetative cells grew at temperatures as low as 5 degrees C and survived at 1 degrees C under relatively low light intensity. They also grew at moderate water temperatures (10-15 degrees C). Their cysts could germinate at low temperatures (1 degrees C) and have an endogenous dormancy period from late summer to early spring, and warmer water temperatures (5-15 degrees C) increased germination success. These physiological characteristics suggest that A. fundyense in the Chukchi Sea and eastern Bering Sea is adapted to the environments of high latitude areas. In addition, the results suggest that in the study areas A. fundyense has the potential to germinate and grow when water temperatures increase. Cellular toxin amounts of A. fundyense strains from the eastern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea were ranged from 7.2 to 38.2 fmol cell(-1). These toxin amounts are comparable with A. fundyense strains isolated from other areas where PSP toxin contamination of bivalves occurs. The dominant toxin of the strains isolated from the Chukchi Sea was saxitoxin, while mostA.fundyense strains from the eastern Bering Sea are dominated by the C2 toxin. Toxin profiles similar to those detected in Chukchi Sea have not been reported by any previous research. The dominance of a highly toxic PST variant in Chukchi A. fundyense suggests that presence of the species at low cell concentrations may cause toxin contamination of predators. This study revealed that abundant A. fundyense cysts deposited on the eastern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea shelves potentially germinate and grow with PSP toxin contents in the local environments. In conclusion, a high risk of PSP occurrences exists on the eastern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea shelves. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：最近在北楚科奇海架子和白令海架子上观察到有毒的鞭毛藻亚历山大藻（以前的塔玛森北美north藜）的大量囊肿分布，这表明该菌都高度适应了当地的环境。高纬度地区，可能会导致浮游生物饲养者的毒素污染。然而，人们对这些地区的沙门氏菌的生理特征和毒素特征知之甚少，这些特征的特征是水温低，日照弱和冬季或多或少的永久性冰盖。为了阐明芦苇的生理特性，使用从从每个区域收集的一个沉积物样本中分离出的芦苇菌株检测了水温和光照强度对该物种营养生长和毒素谱的影响。使用相同的沉积物样本，研究了在不同水温下囊肿萌发的季节性变化。营养细胞在低至5摄氏度的温度下生长，并在相对低的光强度下在1摄氏度下存活。它们还在适中的水温（10-15摄氏度）下生长。它们的囊肿可能在低温（1摄氏度）下发芽，并且从夏末到初春有一个内源性休眠期，而水温升高（5-15摄氏度）则增加了发芽成功率。这些生理特征表明，楚科奇海和白令海东部的A. Fundyense适合高纬度地区的环境。此外，结果表明，在研究区中，当水温升高时，甘薯有发芽和生长的潜力。来自白令海东部和楚科奇海的A.fundyense菌株的细胞毒素量范围为7.2至38.2 fmol细胞（-1）。这些毒素的量与从其他地区的双壳类动物的PSP毒素污染中分离出的A.fundyense菌株相当。从楚科奇海分离出的菌株的主要毒素是沙门毒素，而白令海东部的多数A.fundyense菌株则以C2毒素为主。以前的研究尚未报道与楚科奇海中检测到的毒素相似的毒素。在Chukchi A.fundyense中高毒性的PST变异体占优势，这表明该物种在低细胞浓度下的存在可能导致捕食者的毒素污染。这项研究表明，沉积在白令海东部和楚科奇海陆架上的大量沙门氏菌囊肿可能在当地环境中萌发并随PSP毒素含量的增长而生长。总之，在白令海东部和楚科奇海陆架存在PSP发生的高风险。 （C）2017 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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