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Ostreospis cf. ovata blooms in coastal water: Italian guidelines to assess and manage the risk associated to bathing waters and recreational activities

机译：骨比目鱼卵形花开在沿海水域：意大利准则，以评估和管理与沐浴水和娱乐活动有关的风险

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摘要

Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a benthic marine dinoflagellate, which blooms in summer along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, including many Italian regions since early 1990s. In tropical areas O. cf. ovata produces mainly palytoxins whereas in the Mediterranean basin it produces ovatoxins, and only trace amounts of a putative palytoxin. The toxicological profile of ovatoxins is still unknown. This paper describes the update of the Italian guidelines for the management of O. cf. ovata blooms related to bathing and recreational activities. The rationale for the guidelines starts from the current scientific knowledge on chemical, toxicological, and epidemiological aspects and on its diffusion, which are briefly summarized in the first part of the paper. On this basis a risk-based approach is developed, with the purpose to protect people from oral, dermal and inhalation exposure (the ones that so far caused major health problems), taking into account also the weather and sea conditions, which are crucial for the onset of blooms. Accordingly, the guidelines provide information on what indicators are needed to set up environmental monitoring activities and actions to take during diverse phases. They also outline a multistep health surveillance system, and a system of communication to the public. Finally the still important scientific gaps and research needs are highlighted. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：骨质疏松症cf. ovata是一种底栖海洋鞭毛藻，自1990年代初以来，其夏季开花于地中海沿岸，包括许多意大利地区。在热带地区。卵子主要产生palytoxins，而在地中海盆地，卵子仅产生微量的假定palytoxin。卵毒素的毒理学特征仍然未知。本文介绍了O的意大利语管理准则的更新。卵形花开与洗澡和娱乐活动有关。该指南的依据是从有关化学，毒理学和流行病学方面及其扩散的最新科学知识开始的，本文的第一部分对此进行了简要总结。在此基础上，开发了一种基于风险的方法，其目的是保护人们免受口腔，皮肤和吸入暴露（迄今为止已引起重大健康问题的暴露），同时考虑到天气和海洋条件，这对于花开的开始。因此，指南提供了有关在不同阶段建立环境监测活动和采取的行动需要哪些指标的信息。他们还概述了多步健康监控系统以及与公众交流的系统。最后，突出了仍然重要的科学空白和研究需求。 （C）2015 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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