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首页> 外文期刊>Harmful Algae >Interannual variability of shellfish toxicity in the Gulf of Maine: Time and space patterns and links to environmental variability
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Interannual variability of shellfish toxicity in the Gulf of Maine: Time and space patterns and links to environmental variability

机译：缅因湾贝类毒性的年际变化：时间和空间格局及其与环境变化的联系

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Six metrics characterize annual aspects of the magnitude and timing of shellfish toxicity resulting from dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium at >100 monitoring stations over 21 years (1985-2005) along the coast of Maine, northeastern USA. Climatologies at each station show distinct geographic patterns, generally consistent with previous reports based fewer stations/years. Earliest initiation and dates of maxima are at far western coastal stations, latest in far eastern stations. Toxicity magnitudes are highest at exposed western coastal stations and at far eastern stations inside a bay with minima in the center of the study region. Multivariate statistics group years according to similarity in station toxicity magnitude and timing. Results (a) confirm that a year of extreme toxicity (2005) differs from recent years but show it to be similar to strongly toxic years of the late 1980s, (b) show 3 year-groups, 1980s-early 1990s of high toxicity, mid-1990s-early 2000s of lower toxicity, and 2004-2005 similar to the early years, and (c) show temporal autocorrelation suggesting that processes carrying from year to year are important in controlling toxicity. Multivariate statistics then group stations according to interannual co-variability. Resulting station-groups show strong regionality consistent with known hydrographic and circulation patterns and identify stations that differ from their neighbors. Annual means calculated within station-groups provide 21-year time series that are cross-correlated with concurrent monthly environmental metrics of Gulf of Maine oceanographic conditions calculated from field measurements, satellite data and numerical circulation model hindcasts. These analyses provide three main results. First, toxicity time series show an overall pattern of elevated magnitudes and increased duration in the 1980s, minimum values in the mid-late 1990s and then increasing again in the 2000s. Second, only station-groups geographically located in the western portion of the study area have correlations with any tested environmental metric. Third, toxicity in many western station-groups was positively correlated to interannual variability in early season (April-May) wind stress driving onshore Ekman transport, negatively correlated with summer (June-July) wind stress driving offshore Ekman transport and negatively correlated with summer (June-July) cross-shelf surface temperature gradients indicative of relatively warm coastal surface temperature patterns, consistent with patterns expected from the wind transport correlations. The data do not show significant correlation between station-group toxicity and along-shelf temperature structure (an indicator of fronts and alongshore flow connection), river discharge, surface temperature anomalies, modeled surface salinities or alongshore current velocities. These data provide a quantitative summary of Maine coastal toxicity over 21 years, a spatial toxicity geography and isolate dominant environmental forcing responsible for interannual variability.
机译：六个指标表征了在21年内（1985-2005年），美国东北部缅因州沿海地区的100个以上的监测站，亚历山大藻属的甲鞭毛藻造成的贝类毒性的幅度和时间的年度特征。每个气象站的气候显示出不同的地理格局，通常与以前基于较少气象站/年份的报告一致。最大值的最早出现和日期是在远西部的沿海站点，最晚在远东的站点。在暴露的西部沿海站点和在研究区域中心处于极小值的海湾内的远东站点，毒性强度最高。多变量统计根据站毒性程度和时间的相似性将年份分组。结果（a）确认极端毒性年份（2005）与最近几年有所不同，但显示出它类似于1980年代后期的强毒性年份，（b）显示了1980年代至1990年代早期的3年组， 1990年代中期至2000年代初的毒性较低，而2004到2005年的毒性与早期相似，并且（c）显示时间自相关，表明每年进行的过程在控制毒性方面很重要。多元统计然后根据年际协变对站进行分组。所得的站群显示出与已知水文和环流模式相符的强区域性，并识别出与其邻居不同的站。在台站组内计算的年均值提供了21年的时间序列，这些时间序列与从野外测量，卫星数据和数值环流模型后预报计算出的缅因州湾海洋条件的同时每月环境指标相互关联。这些分析提供了三个主要结果。首先，毒性时间序列在1980年代显示出强度升高和持续时间增加的总体格局，在1990年代中后期达到最小值，然后在2000年代再次增加。其次，只有地理上位于研究区域西部的台站组才与任何测试的环境指标相关。第三，许多西部台站组的毒性与早期（4月至5月）风应力驱动陆上Ekman运输的年际变化呈正相关，与夏季（6月至7月）风应力驱动离岸Ekman运输的负相关并且与夏季负相关（6月至7月）跨架表面温度梯度指示相对温暖的沿海地表温度模式，与风传输相关性预期的模式一致。数据没有显示出站群毒性和沿岸温度结构（前缘和沿岸水流连接的指标），河流流量，地表温度异常，模拟地表盐度或沿岸流速之间的显着相关性。这些数据提供了21年间缅因州沿海毒性，空间毒性地理分布和对年际变异负责的主要环境强迫的定量总结。

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