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首页> 外文期刊>Harmful Algae >Characterization Of The Toxicity Of Cochlodinium Polykrikoides Isolates From Northeast Us Estuaries To Finfish And Shellfish
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Characterization Of The Toxicity Of Cochlodinium Polykrikoides Isolates From Northeast Us Estuaries To Finfish And Shellfish

机译：从美国东北河口分离出的耳蜗珊瑚对鱼类和贝类的毒性

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Harmful algal blooms caused by Cochlodinium polykrikoides are annual occurrences in coastal systems around the world. In New York (NY), USA, estuaries, bloom densities range from 10~3 to 10~5 mL~(-1) with higher densities (≥ 10~4 cells mL~(-1)) being acutely toxic to multiple fish and shellfish species. Here, we report on the toxicity of C. polykrikoides strains recently isolated from New York and Massachusetts (USA) estuaries to juvenile fish (Cyprinodon variegates) and bay scallops (Argopecten irradians), as well as on potential mechanisms of toxicity. Cultures of C. polykrikoides exhibited dramatically more potent ichthyotoxicity than raw bloom water with 100% fish mortality occurring within ～1 h at densities as low as 3.3 × 10~2 cells mL~(-1). More potent toxicity in culture was also observed in bioassays using juvenile bay scallops, which experienced 100% mortality during 3 days exposure to cultures at cell densities an order of magnitude lower than raw bloom water (～3 × 10~3 cells mL~(-1)). The toxic activity per C. polykrikoides cell was dependent on the growth stages of cultures with early exponential growth cultures being more potent than cultures in late-exponential or stationary phases. The ichthyotoxicity of cultures was also dependent on both cell density and fish size, as a hyperbolic relationship between the death time of fish and the ratio of algal cell density to length of fish was found (～10~3 cells mL~(-1) cm(-1) yielded 100% fish mortality in 24 h). Simultaneous exposure of fish to C. polykrikoides and a second algal species (Rhodomonas salina or Prorocentrum minimum) increased survival time of fish, and decreased the fish mortality suggesting additional cellular biomass mitigated the ichthyotoxicity. Frozen and thawed-, sonicated-, or heat-killed-, C. polykrikoides cultures did not cause fish mortality. In contrast, cell-free culture medium connected to an active culture through a 5 μm nylon membrane caused complete mortality in fish, although the time required to kill fish was significantly longer than direct exposure to the whole culture. These results indicate that ichthyotoxicity of C. polykrikoides isolates is dependent on viability of cells and that direct physical contact between fish and cells is not required to cause mortality. The ability of the enzymes peroxidase and catalase to significantly reduce the toxicity of live cultures and the inability of hydrogen peroxide to mimic the ichthyotoxicity of C. polykrikoides isolates suggests that the toxicity could be caused by non-hydrogen peroxide, highly reactive, labile toxins such as ROS-like chemicals.
机译：在世界各地的沿海系统中，每年都会发生由多齿科球藻引起的有害藻华。在美国纽约州的河口，水华密度从10〜3到10〜5 mL〜（-1）不等，密度更高（≥10〜4个细胞mL〜（-1）），对多条鱼有急性毒性。和贝类。在这里，我们报道了最近从纽约和马萨诸塞州（美国）河口分离出的多角梭菌菌株对幼鱼（Cyprinodon variegates）和扇贝（Argopecten irradians）的毒性，以及潜在的毒性机理。多角衣藻的养殖鱼鳞鱼的毒性比生花开水大得多，在约1小时内以低至3.3×10〜2细胞mL〜（-1）的密度发生了100％的鱼类死亡。在使用幼年海湾扇贝的生物测定中，还观察到了更强的培养毒性，在暴露于培养物中的细胞密度为3天的3天中，其死亡率为100％，比生水（〜3×10〜3个细胞mL〜（- 1））。每个多核衣原体细胞的毒性活性取决于培养物的生长阶段，早期指数生长的培养物比晚期指数或静止期的培养物更有效。鱼类的鱼类毒性也取决于细胞密度和鱼的大小，因为鱼的死亡时间与藻细胞密度与鱼的长度之比之间呈双曲线关系（〜10〜3细胞mL〜（-1） cm（-1）在24小时内产生100％的鱼类死亡率。将鱼同时暴露于多角衣藻和第二种藻类（Rhodomonas salina或Prorocentrum Minimum）会延长鱼的生存时间，并降低鱼的死亡率，这表明额外的细胞生物量减轻了鱼鳞鱼的毒性。冷冻和解冻，超声处理或加热杀死的多角梭状芽孢杆菌培养物不会导致鱼类死亡。相比之下，无细胞培养基通过5μm尼龙膜连接到活性培养物中会导致鱼的完全死亡，尽管杀死鱼所需的时间比直接暴露于整个培养物中要长得多。这些结果表明，多角梭菌分离株的鱼鳞毒性取决于细胞的生存力，并且不需要鱼与细胞之间的直接物理接触来引起死亡。过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶具有显着降低活培养物毒性的能力，以及过氧化氢无法模拟多核衣原体鱼鳞鱼的鱼毒性，这表明该毒性可能是由非过氧化氢，高反应性，不稳定的毒素引起的。作为ROS类化学物质。

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