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Occurrence and toxicity of an Anabaena bloom in a tropical reservoir (Southeast Brazil)

机译：在热带水库中（巴西东南部）鱼腥草绽放的发生和毒性

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Potentially toxic cyanobacterial blooms are becoming common in the Brazilian reservoirs in all regions of the country. During October 2004, a dense bloom of cyanobacteria occurred in the Monjolinho Reservoir (Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo State, Brazil) and a significant amount of cyanobacterial material accumulated on the water surface. Phytoplankton analysis showed that the main species in this bloom were Anabaena circinalis and Anabaena spiroides. Cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii) and mouse bioassays were performed to detect toxic products in extracts of the natural samples collected at the three different dates during in short period. To prepare the extracts, freeze-dried cells were dispersed in distilled water and subjected to repeated freeze/thaw cycles and sonication and centrifuging processes. Crude extracts were toxic both to cladocerans (LC_(50) 94-406 mg freeze-dried cells L~(-1)) and mice (indicative LD_(50) 297-445 mg freeze-dried cells kg~(-1)) and the toxicity of the bloom increased for cladocerans during the occurrence of the bloom. Toxin analysis by ELISA revealed that microcystin (MC) was found in the water of the reservoir (concentrations ranging from 28 to 45 μg L~(-1)). In addition, microcystin was also found in freeze-dried cyanobacteria cells with concentrations ranging from 138 to 223 μg L~(-1). On the other hand, neurotoxins (saxitoxin and gonyautoxin) were not detected in any of the natural samples by HPLC. Signs of toxicity in mice did not indicate whether the bloom samples were predominantly hepatotoxic or neurotoxic. It is known that natural Anabaena blooms can contain other toxic compounds besides microcystins and neurotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides or other toxins not identified or known. Methods of detecting cyanotoxins used in this study were insufficient to clarify the toxicological features of Anabaena bloom and indicated that other methods should be investigated.
机译：在该国所有地区的巴西水库中，潜在的有毒蓝细菌繁殖正变得越来越普遍。 2004年10月，Monjolinho水库（巴西圣保罗州圣卡洛斯）发生了密集的蓝细菌繁殖，大量的蓝细菌物质积聚在水面。浮游植物的分析表明，此花期的主要物种为圆藻鱼腥藻和螺旋藻鱼腥藻。进行了克拉杜兰（Ceraodaphnia dubia和Ceriodaphnia silvestrii）和小鼠生物测定，以在短期内在三个不同日期采集的天然样品的提取物中检测有毒产物。为了制备提取物，将冷冻干燥的细胞分散在蒸馏水中，并进行重复的冷冻/解冻循环以及超声和离心处理。粗提物对锁骨（LC_（50）94-406 mg冻干细胞L〜（-1））和小鼠（指示LD_（50）297-445 mg冻干细胞kg〜（-1））均具有毒性而在枝条发生期间，枝条花的枝条的毒性增加。通过ELISA进行的毒素分析表明，在水库的水中发现了微囊藻毒素（MC）（浓度范围为28至45μgL〜（-1））。另外，在冷冻干燥的蓝细菌细胞中还发现了微囊藻毒素，其浓度范围为138至223μgL〜（-1）。另一方面，通过HPLC在任何天然样品中均未检测到神经毒素（萨克毒素和淋菌毒素）。小鼠中的毒性迹象并不表明该水华样品主要是肝毒性还是神经毒性。众所周知，天然的鱼腥草花除微囊藻毒素和神经毒素（例如脂多糖或其他未鉴定或已知的毒素）外，还可含有其他有毒化合物。本研究中使用的氰毒素检测方法不足以阐明鱼腥草花色的毒理学特征，并指出应研究其他方法。

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