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首页> 外文期刊>Harmful Algae >Efficacy of three commercially available ballast water biocides against vegetative microalgae, dinoflagellate cysts and bacteria
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Efficacy of three commercially available ballast water biocides against vegetative microalgae, dinoflagellate cysts and bacteria

机译：三种市售压舱水杀菌剂对营养微藻，藻鞭毛囊肿和细菌的功效

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One proposed solution to the problem of ballast-mediated aquatic invasions involves chemically treating ballast water to kill key target organisms. Here, we examine the efficacy of three commercially available ballast water biocides using vegetative microalgae, dinoflagellate resting cysts and bacteria as test organisms. Chemicals tested were the ballast water biocides SeaKleen~® and Peraclean~® Ocean, and the chlorine dioxide biocide Vibrex~®. Results demonstrate that the applicability of each of the three chemical biocides as a routine ballast water treatment is limited by factors such as cost, biological effectiveness and possible residual toxicity of the discharged ballast water (assessed on the basis of impact on motility of vegetative marine microalgae). Of the three biocides tested, Peraclean~® Ocean appears to hold the most potential; however its effectiveness in shipboard trials is yet to be proven. Peraclean~® Ocean was biodegradable within 2-6 weeks (initial concentration of 200 ppm), could effectively inactivate resting cysts of the marine dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium catenella and Protoceratium reticulatum at 400 ppm, could control bacterial growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua and Vibrio alginolyticus at 125-250 ppm, and could eliminate vegetative dinoflagellate cells at a concentration of 100 ppm. SeaKleen~® eliminated vegetative microalgae at 2 ppm and could control resting cysts of the dinoflagellates G. catenatum and P. reticulatum at a concentration of 6 and 10 ppm, respectively, when exposed for a period of 2 weeks. SeaKleen~® did not inactivate resting cysts of A. catenella at a concentration of 10 ppm and was found to degrade at a rate that could result in the discharge of residual toxic water into the marine environment. Together with the poor bactericidal properties of SeaKleen~® (100-200 ppm required), this may limit the use of this biocide as a routine treatment option. Vibrex~® is not a suitable ballast water treatment option due to the need for hydrochloric acid as an activator, however it was found to be the most effective against bacteria (complete inhibition at 15 ppm) indicating that onboard chlorine dioxide generators may provide an effective bacterial treatment option. The performance of these biocides was adversely influenced by a variety of factors including low water temperatures (6℃ compared to 17℃), light versus dark conditions, and the presence of humus-rich seawater and ballast water sediments.
机译：解决压载水介导的水生生物入侵问题的一种建议解决方案涉及化学处理压载水以杀死关键的目标生物。在这里，我们使用营养微藻类，藻鞭毛安息囊和细菌作为测试生物，研究了三种市售压舱水杀菌剂的功效。测试的化学物质是压舱水杀菌剂SeaKleen®和Peraclean®Ocean，以及二氧化氯杀菌剂Vibrex®。结果表明，三种化学杀生物剂中的每一种作为常规压载水处理的适用性受到成本，生物有效性以及排出的压载水可能残留毒性等因素的限制（根据对植物性海洋微藻运动性的影响进行评估） ）。在所测试的三种杀菌剂中，Peraclean〜®Ocean似乎具有最大的潜力。然而，其在舰载试验中的有效性尚待证实。 Peraclean〜®Ocean可在2-6周内被生物降解（初始浓度为200 ppm），可有效灭活400 ppm的海洋鞭毛鞭毛，裸核鞭毛虫，亚历山大毛线虫和网状原角藻的静止囊肿，可控制大肠杆菌，金黄色葡萄球菌的细菌生长，无毒李斯特菌和溶藻弧菌的浓度为125-250 ppm，并且可以消除浓度为100 ppm的营养鞭毛藻细胞。暴露2周后，SeaKleen？®清除了2 ppm的植物性微藻，并可以将浓度分别为6和10 ppm的链鞭毛和网状假单胞菌的静止囊肿控制在水中。 SeaKleen？®不会以10 ppm的浓度灭活悬链链霉菌的静止囊肿，并且发现其降解的速率可能导致残留的有毒水排放到海洋环境中。加上SeaKleen〜®的较差的杀菌性能（需要100-200 ppm），这可能限制了这种杀菌剂作为常规处理方法的使用。由于需要盐酸作为活化剂，Vibrex〜®不适合作为压载水处理的选择，但是发现它最有效地抵抗细菌（在15 ppm时完全抑制），表明机载二氧化氯发生器可以提供有效的细菌处理选项。这些杀生物剂的性能受到多种因素的不利影响，包括低水温（6℃比17℃），光照与黑暗条件以及富含腐殖质的海水和压载水沉积物的存在。

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