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首页> 外文期刊>Harmful Algae >Brevetoxin composition in water and marine aerosol along a Florida beach: Assessing potential human exposure to marine biotoxins
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Brevetoxin composition in water and marine aerosol along a Florida beach: Assessing potential human exposure to marine biotoxins

机译：佛罗里达海滩沿岸水和海洋气溶胶中短杆菌毒素的组成：评估人类可能接触海洋生物毒素的可能性

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The toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, produces a suite of polyether neurotoxins (brevetoxins, PbTx) that cause massive fish kills and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. A unique characteristic of K. brevis blooms is the associated airborne (aerosolized) toxin component causing respiratory irritation to humans and other mammals. This study was undertaken in collaboration with human respiratory effects studies to establish the type and amount of brevetoxins to which beach-goers were exposed during a coastal harmful algal bloom (HAB). Concentrations of K. brevis cells were monitored in water, and brevetoxin concentrations were monitored in water and air over 3-day periods during a non-exposure control study (no HAB) and an exposure study (HAB event) along the Gulf Coast of Sarasota, FL, USA. The aerosol particle size distribution was also determined to assess brevetoxin aerosol deposition in the human respiratory system. During the non-exposure study, very low to background K. brevis cell counts were observed on day 1 and at background levels (< 1 x 10~3 cells/L) on days 2 and 3; brevetoxin concentrations were very low in water and non-detectable in air. In contrast, the exposure study samples exhibited moderate concentrations of K. brevis cells in surf water (1 x 10~5 to 1 x 10~6 cells/L) and brevetoxin concentrations (sum PbTx-1, -2, and -3) in water ranged from < 1 to 14 μg/L. In air, brevetoxin concentrations were highest on day 1, diminishing on day 2, and below detection levels on day 3, reflecting a change in wind direction from onshore to offshore during this period. Quantitation of individual brevetoxins showed that PbTx-2 was the most abundant in water, while PbTx-3 was the most abundant in air. The brevetoxin antagonist, brevenal, also was detected in water and aerosol samples during the exposure study. Particle size distribution analyses indicated that most of the aerosolized brevetoxin would be deposited in the nasal, oral, and pharyngeal regions, consistent with reported upper airway symptoms of stinging eyes and nose and dry, choking cough from throat irritation. About 2-3% would be deposited farther down in the tracheobronchial and alveolar regions, as evidenced by symptoms of wheezing, airflow reduction and chest tightness.
机译：有毒的鞭毛鞭毛藻（Karenia brevis）会产生一系列聚醚神经毒素（brevetoxins，PbTx），导致大量鱼类死亡和神经毒性贝类中毒。短毛K.绽放的独特特征是相关的空气传播（雾化）毒素成分，对人类和其他哺乳动物造成呼吸道刺激。这项研究是与人类呼吸作用研究合作进行的，目的是确定沿海有害藻华（HAB）期间海滩游客所接触的短毒素的类型和数量。在萨拉索塔墨西哥湾沿岸的非接触控制研究（无HAB）和接触研究（HAB事件）中，在3天的时间内对水中的K. brevis细胞浓度进行了监测，并在水和空气中监测了短毒素浓度。 ，美国佛罗里达。还确定了气溶胶粒径分布，以评估在人的呼吸系统中短毒素的气溶胶沉积。在非接触研究中，第1天观察到极短的K. brevis细胞计数，第2天和第3天观察到背景水平（<1 x 10〜3细胞/ L）；水中的短毒素浓度非常低，而在空气中则无法检测到。相比之下，暴露研究样本在冲浪水中显示出中等浓度的K. brevis细胞（1 x 10〜5至1 x 10〜6细胞/ L）和短毒素浓度（总PbTx-1，-2和-3）。在水中<1至14μg/ L。在空气中，短毒素的浓度在第1天最高，在第2天降低，在第3天低于检测水平，这反映了此期间从陆上到海上的风向变化。各种短毒素的定量分析表明，水中PbTx-2最丰富，而空气中PbTx-3最丰富。在暴露研究期间，在水和气溶胶样品中也检测到了breveal拮抗剂，即breveal。粒度分布分析表明，大多数雾化的短杆菌毒素将沉积在鼻，口腔和咽部区域，这与报告的上呼吸道症状（眼睛和鼻子刺痛，干燥，喉咙刺激引起的咳嗽）相一致。气喘，气流量减少和胸闷的症状证明，气管支气管和肺泡区域的沉积物将向下沉积约2-3％。

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