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Fluvial seeding of cyanobacterial blooms in oligotrophic Lake Superior

机译:狼生植物在寡杆菌湖中的粉播种

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Lake Superior has recently begun experiencing cyanobacterial blooms comprised of Dolichospermum lemmermannii near the Apostle Islands and along the southern shore of the western arm. Little is known about the origin of these blooms. Experiments were conducted during the summers of 2017 and 2018 to identify sources of propagules and characteristics of sites that were potential sources. The 2017 experiments were conducted using a factorial design with three source zones ('River', 'Lake', and 'Harbor'), two nutrient conditions (high and low N:P), and three temperatures (15, 20, and 25 degrees C). At the end of the experiment, cyanobacteria were most abundant from the 'River' and 'Harbor' zones at low N:P and 20 and 25 degrees C, with D. lemmermannii most abundant at 20 degrees C. Subsequently, in 2018 we evaluated 26 specific inland locations from three waterbody types ('River', 'Lake/Pond', and 'Coastal') and explored similarities among those sites that produced cyanobacteria in high abundance when samples were incubated under optimal conditions (low N:P and 25 degrees C). Under these growing conditions, we found high cyanobacteria abundance developed in samples from river sites with low ambient temperatures and high conductivity. Field monitoring showed that Lake Superior nearshore temperatures were higher than rivers. These observations suggest that blooms of D. lemmermannii in Lake Superior are initiated by fluvial seeding of propagules and highlight the importance of warmer temperatures and favorable nutrient and light conditions for subsequent extensive cyanobacterial growth. We argue that the watershed is an important source of biological loading of D. lemmermannii to Lake Superior and that when those cells reach the nearshore where there are warmer water temperatures and increased light, they can grow in abundance to produce blooms.
机译:Suparts湖最近开始遇到由北部南部的北岸的Dolichospermum Lemmannii组成的蓝藻绽放。对这些盛开的起源知之甚少。 2017年和2018年夏季进行了实验,以确定竞争源的繁殖源和特征。 2017年使用具有三个源区(“河流”,“湖泊”和“港口”)的因子设计进行的实验,两种营养条件(高低N:P)和三个温度(15,20和25 C)。在实验结束时,蓝藻在低N:P和20和25摄氏度的“河流”和“港口”区中最丰富,D.LEMMERMANNII在20摄氏度下最丰富。随后,2018年我们评估来自三种水体类型('河,','湖/池塘'和“沿海”)的特定内陆地点以及当在最佳条件下孵育样品时,在高丰度下产生蓝细菌的探索相似之处(低N:P和25 C)。在这些日益增长的条件下,我们发现具有低环境温度和高导电性的河流部位的样本中开发的高蓝杆菌丰度。现场监测显示,苏必利湖近岸温度高于河流。这些观察结果表明,Supge湖中的D.Lemmermannii的盛开是通过繁殖繁殖的血液播种来启动,并突出温暖温度和良好的营养和轻质条件的重要性,以获得随后的广泛蓝细菌生长。我们认为流域是D. LEMMERMANNII对湖泊的一个重要来源,当这些细胞到达近岸时,在近岸有温暖的水温和增加的光线,它们可以在丰富的生产绽放中生长。

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