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The scientific commons in the marketplace: the industrialization of biomedical materials at the New England Enzyme Center, 1963-1980

机译：市场上的科学共同点：新英格兰酶中心的生物医学材料工业化，1936-1980年

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This paper investigates the industrialization of biomedical materials at the New England Enzyme Center (NEEC) from its establishment as a federally supported biochemical resource center in 1964 through its demise and refashioning into several commercial biotech companies in the late 1970s. It sets this history within the long-standing debate on the proper relation between science and American economic and political traditions. The NEEC sought to embody two aims that stood in tension: academic independence in knowledge production and the market-driven interests of the biomedical industry. A clash of values ensued, but built on a particular notion of independence: scientists pragmatically accepted the primacy of the market in the age of the 'federal research economy.' The question became how to carve out a space for science and scientific values in the market - an intellectual position that some legal and economic scholars have referred to as a scientific commons. Even so, industry executives came to see the idea of a scientific commons and public knowledge as obstructive to industrial innovation. This paper argues that, as seen through the case of the NEEC, the ascendancy of market values and attitudes in the 1970s played a critical role in reconfiguring the science-industry relationship and in 'industrializing' the life sciences. As illustration of this change, I look at a commercial firm - Genzyme - born out of NEEC's dissolution.
机译：本文研究了新英格兰酶学中心（NEEC）在1964年成立为联邦政府支持的生化资源中心之后的生物医学材料工业化过程，该中心在1970年代后期消亡并重塑为数家商业生物技术公司。它在关于科学与美国经济和政治传统之间适当关系的长期辩论中奠定了这一历史。 NEEC试图体现两个紧迫的目标：知识生产的学术独立性和生物医学产业的市场驱动利益。随之而来的是价值观的冲突，但建立在一种特殊的独立性观念之上：科学家在“联邦研究经济”时代务实地接受了市场的主导地位。问题就变成了如何在市场中开拓出科学和科学价值的空间，这种法律地位被一些法律和经济学者称为科学共同体。即便如此，行业高管们还是开始认为，科学共同体和公共知识的观念阻碍了工业创新。本文认为，从NEEC的案例可以看出，1970年代市场价值和态度的上升在重新构建科学与工业的关系以及使生命科学“工业化”方面发挥了关键作用。作为这种变化的例证，我看一家因NEEC的解散而诞生的商业公司Genzyme。

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