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The shows and the flows: materials, markets, and innovation in the US machine tool industry, 1945-1965

机译：展览和活动：1945-1965年美国机床行业的材料，市场和创新

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Machine tools may be fundamental to metalworking industrial economies, but their Cold War era history in the US has rarely been assessed over the last generation. A quarter century after David Noble's crucial and critical Forces of Production, perhaps a broad-gauged assessment may be timely. This essay aims to offer two theses for discussion. First, it seems that a sector whose enterprises once specialized in one or more tool types reconfigured itself into clusters of firms servicing automotive-based automation demands, aeronautical/aerospace precision and flexibility needs, or providing specialized auxiliary components, especially instrumentation and controls. Second, cascades of new industrial materials and processes generated both opportunities for and constraints on tool firms, as innovations facilitated users' substituting, for example, plastics for metals or material-forming for metal-cutting, quietly shifting the technical and market foundations. Such dynamics set the stage for US machine tool enterprises' decline as the Cold War ebbed, but they did not chiefly derive from technological deflections deriving from military contracting.
机译：机床可能是金属加工工业经济的基础，但是在上一代中，很少有人评估其在冷战时期在美国的历史。在大卫·诺布尔的关键生产力量和关键生产力量相距四分之一世纪之后，也许进行及时的广泛评估。本文旨在提供两篇论文进行讨论。首先，似乎一个部门的企业曾经专门研究一种或多种工具类型，并将其自身重新配置为服务于基于汽车的自动化需求，航空/航天精度和灵活性需求或提供专门的辅助组件（尤其是仪表和控件）的公司集群。第二，新的工业材料和工艺的层叠为工具公司带来了机遇和局限性，因为创新促进了用户对金属的替代，例如，金属用塑料或金属切削用材料成形，悄悄地改变了技术和市场基础。随着冷战的退缩，这种动态为美国机床企业的衰落奠定了基础，但它们并非主要源于军事合同带来的技术偏差。

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