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Patents and the UK pharmaceutical industry between 1945 and the 1970s

机译：1945年至1970年代之间的专利和英国制药业

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摘要

The years following the end of World War II saw a rapid increase in the rate of the introduction of new products by the pharmaceutical industry in Europe and North America. Patenting played an increasingly significant role in the industry and the companies, which were investing heavily in research, needed to develop strategies of appropriation to ensure that they recouped the rewards of innovation. This paper explores the use of patents by UK companies during the therapeutic revolution and beyond. It suggests that within a framework of competition, the use of patents and the practice of licensing, combined with the growing complexity of products led to the creation of networks of cross-licensing, often linked to a variety of collaborative arrangements. In this process, the companies created corporate capabilities which contributed to their growth and international development within the period covered by the paper. By the 1960s, however, the nature of licensing had changed but some collaborative arrangements and the capabilities they created continued to play a significant role in the further international development of the industry. From the late 1970s, as new drugs became more elusive and expensive, as well taking much longer to get into the market, patents for the much sought after 'blockbuster' drugs were eagerly pursued. Patents, licensing and various forms of collaboration assumed a new significance in the approaches made by the pharmaceutical corporations to the innovative discoveries of the biotechnology industry in the last two decades of the century.
机译：第二次世界大战结束后的几年中，欧洲和北美的制药业对新产品的引进率迅速提高。专利在行业中扮演着越来越重要的角色，并且在研究上投入大量资金的公司需要制定拨款策略，以确保它们能收回创新的回报。本文探讨了治疗革命期间及以后英国公司使用专利的情况。它表明，在竞争的框架内，专利的使用和许可的实践，再加上产品复杂性的提高，导致建立了交叉许可网络，通常与各种合作安排有关。在此过程中，这些公司创建了公司能力，这些能力在本文所涵盖的时期内为他们的增长和国际发展做出了贡献。但是，到了1960年代，许可的性质已经改变，但是一些合作安排及其创造的能力继续在该行业的进一步国际发展中发挥重要作用。从1970年代后期开始，随着新药变得越来越难以捉摸，价格越来越昂贵，进入市场的时间也越来越长，人们急切地为“重磅炸弹”药物寻求专利。专利，许可和各种形式的合作对于制药公司在二十世纪最后二十年对生物技术行业的创新发现所采取的方法具有新的意义。

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