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Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Chemical Testing for Decision-Support: How to Include Animal Welfare?

机译：用于决策支持的化学测试的成本效益分析：如何包括动物福利？

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摘要

Toxicity testing for regulatory purposes raises the question of test selection for a particular endpoint. Given the public's concern for animal welfare, test selection is a multi-objective decision problem that requires balancing information outcome, animal welfare loss, and monetary testing costs. This paper demonstrates the applicability of cost-effectiveness analysis as a decision-support tool for test selection in a regulatory context such as, for example, the new European chemicals legislation (REACH). We distinguish different decision-making perspectives, in particular the regulator's and chemical industry's perspectives, and we discuss how cost-effectiveness analysis can be applied to test selection from both perspectives. Furthermore, we show how animal welfare goals can be included in cost-effectiveness analyses, and we provide a three-dimensional extension to the standard cost-effectiveness analysis if animal welfare loss cannot be valued in monetary terms. To illustrate how cost-effectiveness analysis works in different settings, we apply our model to a simple case of selecting short-term tests for mutagenicity. We demonstrate that including sufficiently high values for animal welfare induces cost-effective replacements of animal testing. Furthermore, we show that the regulator and chemical companies face different tradeoffs when selecting tests. This may lead to different choices of tests or testing systems.
机译：出于监管目的的毒性测试提出了针对特定端点进行测试选择的问题。考虑到公众对动物福利的关注，测试选择是一个多目标决策问题，需要平衡信息结果，动物福利损失和货币测试成本。本文证明了成本效益分析作为决策支持工具的适用性，该决策支持工具是在法规环境中（例如，新的欧洲化学品法规（REACH））进行测试选择的。我们区分了不同的决策角度，尤其是监管者和化工行业的角度，并且我们讨论了如何从这两个角度将成本效益分析应用于测试选择。此外，我们展示了如何将动物福利目标包括在成本效益分析中，并且如果不能以货币形式对动物福利损失进行估价，我们将对标准成本效益分析进行三维扩展。为了说明成本效益分析如何在不同环境下工作，我们将模型应用于选择短期诱变测试的简单案例。我们证明，包括足够高的动物福利价值可诱导以经济有效的方式替代动物测试。此外，我们表明，监管机构和化工公司在选择测试时面临着不同的权衡。这可能导致测试或测试系统的不同选择。

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