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Optimal contour mapping of groundwater levels using universal kriging-a case study

机译：通用克里金法在地下水水位最优等值线图绘制中的应用

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Universal kriging is applied to the command area of a set of canal irrigation projects in northwestern India to show its applicability for optimal contour mapping of groundwater levels. This command area faces the problem of a rising groundwater table and manifestation of waterlogging over the years at many places. With the use of measured elevations of the water table in September 1990 at 143 observation sites in an area of 4500 km~2, an omni-directional experimental semivariogram was constructed. The concave upward shape of omni-directional experimental semivariogram indicated the non-stationarity of the data and so the need for universal kriging. Directional semivariograms were calculated to find out the direction along which there is least drift. This directional semivariogram was considered as the underlying semivariogram and various theoretical semivariogram models were fitted to it. The drift order was estimated from the cross-validation procedure. The model and drift order finally selected were used to estimate the groundwater levels and corresponding estimation variances at the nodes of a square grid of 2 km × 2 km, and to develop the corresponding contour map.
机译：通用克里格法已应用于印度西北部一系列运河灌溉项目的命令区域，以显示其适用于地下水位最佳轮廓图的适用性。这个命令地区面临着地下水位上升和多年来在许多地方出现涝灾的问题。利用1990年9月在4500 km〜2区域的143个观测点测得的地下水位高程，构建了全向实验半变异函数。全向实验半变异函数的向上凹形表示数据的非平稳性，因此需要通用克里金法。计算方向半变异函数以找出漂移最小的方向。该定向半变异函数被视为基础半变异函数，并对其进行了各种理论半变异函数模型的拟合。漂移顺序是根据交叉验证程序估算的。最后选择的模型和漂移阶数用于估算2 km×2 km的方格网节点处的地下水位和相应的估算方差，并绘制相应的等高线图。

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