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Statistical properties of spatial snowcover in mountainous catchments in Norway

机译：挪威山区流域空间积雪的统计特性

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The spatial distribution of snowcover in a catchment is determined by complex interactions between meteorological and physiographical factors, integrated over time. The snowcover shows variability over scales ranging from centimeters up to hundreds of kilometers. An important and necessary decision for modelers is to determine spatial resolution in a distributed model. Since the spatial variability in snowcover may be quite large, even within a few meters, it is difficult to use modeling units small enough so that the snow can be assumed evenly distributed within the unit. A possible method to compensate for this is to use larger units, and describe the snow distribution within each unit by a statistical model (e.g. normal, log-normal, gamma, etc). This technique requires information about spatial statistical properties of snowcover within a unit. As many of the distributed hydrological models operate on a grid basis, it would be desirable to find a statistical distribution on a sub-grid scale. However, as an initial approach, the study presented here was done on a catchment scale. The catchment scale presented the possibility of incorporating data from several historical snow surveys. These surveys were taken at the time of maximum snow accumulation in various mountainous catchments in Norway. Comparing empirical distribution functions with different theoretical distribution functions, it was shown that a mixed distribution combining two separate log-normal distributions clearly gave the best fit in most of the catchments. This seems to indicate that a mixture of at least two different populations of SWE values exists.
机译：集水区积雪的空间分布取决于气象和自然因素之间复杂的相互作用，这些相互作用随着时间的推移而综合起来。积雪覆盖范围从几厘米到几百公里不等。对于建模者来说，重要且必要的决定是确定分布式模型中的空间分辨率。由于积雪的空间变异性可能很大，即使在几米之内，也很难使用足够小的建模单元，因此可以假定积雪均匀地分布在该单元中。补偿这种情况的一种可能方法是使用较大的单位，并通过统计模型（例如，正常，对数正态，伽玛等）描述每个单位内的降雪分布。该技术需要有关单元内积雪的空间统计特性的信息。由于许多分布式水文模型是在网格基础上运行的，因此希望在子网格规模上找到统计分布。但是，作为初始方法，此处介绍的研究是在集水区规模上进行的。流域规模表明，有可能合并来自几次历史降雪调查的数据。这些调查是在挪威各个山区流域积雪最多的时候进行的。将经验分布函数与不同的理论分布函数进行比较，结果表明，将两个单独的对数正态分布相结合的混合分布在大多数流域中显然是最佳拟合。这似乎表明存在至少两种不同的SWE值的混合物。

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