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首页> 外文期刊>ICES Journal of Marine Science >Predictable hydrodynamic conditions explain temporal variations in the density of benthic foraging seabirds in a tidal stream environment
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Predictable hydrodynamic conditions explain temporal variations in the density of benthic foraging seabirds in a tidal stream environment

机译：可预测的流体动力学条件解释了潮汐流环境中底栖觅食海鸟密度的时间变化

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摘要

Tidal stream turbines could have several direct impacts upon pursuit-diving seabirds foraging within tidal stream environments (mean horizontal current speeds > 2 ms(-1)), including collisions and displacement. Understanding how foraging seabirds respond to temporally variable but predictable hydrodynamic conditions immediately around devices could identify when interactions between seabirds and devices are most likely to occur; information which would quantify the magnitude of potential impacts, and also facilitate the development of suitable mitigation measures. This study uses shore-based observational surveys and Finite Volume Community Ocean Model outputs to test whether temporally predictable hydrodynamic conditions (horizontal current speeds, water elevation, turbulence) influenced the density of foraging black guillemots Cepphus grylle and European shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis in a tidal stream environment in Orkney, United Kingdom, during the breeding season. These species are particularly vulnerable to interactions with devices due to their tendency to exploit benthic and epi-benthic prey on or near the seabed. The density of both species decreased as a function of horizontal current speeds, whereas the density of black guillemots also decreased as a function of water elevation. These relationships could be linked to higher energetic costs of dives in particularly fast horizontal current speeds (> 3 ms(-1)) and deeper water. Therefore, interactions between these species and moving components seem unlikely at particularly high horizontal current speeds. Combining this information, with that on the rotation rates of moving components at lower horizontal current speeds, could be used to assess collision risk in this site during breeding seasons. It is also likely that moderating any device operation during both lowest water elevation and lowest horizontal current speeds could reduce the risk of collisions for these species in this site during this season. The approaches used in this study could have useful applications within Environmental Impact Assessments, and should be considered when assessing and mitigating negative impacts from specific devices within development sites.
机译：潮汐涡轮机可能会对追逐潜水的海鸟在潮汐流环境（平均水平流速> 2 ms（-1））内觅食产生直接影响，包括碰撞和位移。了解觅食海鸟如何在设备周围立即响应随时间变化但可预测的水动力条件，可以确定何时最有可能发生海鸟与设备之间的相互作用；这些信息将量化潜在影响的程度，并有助于制定适当的缓解措施。这项研究使用基于海岸的观测调查和有限体积的社区海洋模型输出来测试时间上可预测的水动力条件（水平流速，水位升高，湍流）是否影响潮汐流中觅食的黑海豚Cepphus grylle和欧洲粗毛Phalacrocorax aristotelis的密度繁殖季节在英国奥克尼市的环境。这些物种由于倾向于在海床上或附近利用底栖和外生的猎物而特别容易与设备相互作用。两种物种的密度均随水平电流速度而降低，而黑海雀的密度也随水位升高而降低。这些关系可能与在特别高的水平洋流速度（> 3 ms（-1））和更深水域中潜水时较高的精力成本有关。因此，在特别高的水平电流速度下，这些物质与运动成分之间的相互作用似乎不太可能。将这些信息与有关较低水平当前速度下的运动组件的旋转速度的信息相结合，可以用来评估繁殖季节该站点的碰撞风险。在最低水位和最低水平水流速度下调节任何设备的运行，也有可能降低本季节中该地点这些物种发生碰撞的风险。本研究中使用的方法在环境影响评估中可能具有有用的应用，并且在评估和缓解开发场所中特定设备的负面影响时应考虑这些方法。

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