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Why compare marine ecosystems?

机译：为什么要比较海洋生态系统？

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Effective marine ecosystem-based management (EBM) requires understanding the key processes and relationships controlling the aspects of biodiversity, productivity, and resilience to perturbations. Unfortunately, the scales, complexity, and non-linear dynamics that characterize marine ecosystems often confound managing for these properties. Nevertheless, scientifically derived decision-support tools (DSTs) are needed to account for impacts resulting from a variety of simultaneous human activities. Three possible methodologies for revealing mechanisms necessary to develop DSTs for EBM are: (ⅰ) controlled experimentation, (ⅱ) iterative programmes of observation and modelling ("learning by doing"), and (ⅲ) comparative ecosystem analysis. We have seen that controlled experiments are limited in capturing the complexity necessary to develop models of marine ecosystem dynamics with sufficient realism at appropriate scales. Iterative programmes of observation, model building, and assessment are useful for specific ecosystem issues but rarely lead to generally transferable products. Comparative ecosystem analyses may be the most effective, building on the first two by inferring ecosystem processes based on comparisons and contrasts of ecosystem response to human-induced factors. We propose a hierarchical system of ecosystem comparisons to include within-ecosystem comparisons (utilizing temporal and spatial changes in relation to human activities), within-ecosystem-type comparisons (e.g. coral reefs, temperate continental shelves, upwelling areas), and cross-ecosystem-type comparisons (e.g. coral reefs vs. boreal, terrestrial vs. marine ecosystems). Such a hierarchical comparative approach should lead to better understanding of the processes controlling biodiversity, productivity, and the resilience of marine ecosystems. In turn, better understanding of these processes will lead to the development of increasingly general laws, hypotheses, functional forms, governing equations, and broad interpretations of ecosystem responses to human activities, ultimately improving DSTs in support of EBM.
机译：有效的基于海洋生态系统的管理（EBM）需要了解控制生物多样性，生产力和抗干扰能力方面的关键过程和关系。不幸的是，表征海洋生态系统的规模，复杂性和非线性动力学常常混淆了对这些属性的管理。尽管如此，仍需要科学衍生的决策支持工具（DST）来解决各种人类活动同时引起的影响。揭示开发EBM的DST所必需的机制的三种可能的方法是：（ⅰ）受控实验，（ⅱ）观察和建模的迭代程序（“边做边学”），以及（ⅲ）比较生态系统分析。我们已经看到，受控实验在捕获开发适当规模的具有足够真实性的海洋生态系统动力学模型所需的复杂性方面受到限制。观测，模型建立和评估的迭代程序对于特定的生态系统问题很有用，但很少会产生可普遍转让的产品。比较生态系统分析可能是最有效的方法，它可以基于前两个方法，根据生态系统对人为因素的响应的比较和对比来推断生态系统过程。我们提出了一个生态系统比较的分层系统，其中包括生态系统内比较（利用与人类活动有关的时空变化），生态系统内类型的比较（例如珊瑚礁，温带大陆架，上升流区）和跨生态系统类型的比较（例如，珊瑚礁与北方，陆地与海洋生态系统的对比）。这种分层的比较方法应有助于更好地了解控制生物多样性，生产力和海洋生态系统的复原力的过程。反过来，对这些过程的更好理解将导致越来越多的一般法律，假设，功能形式，控制方程式以及生态系统对人类活动的反应的广泛解释，最终改善DST以支持EBM。

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