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首页> 外文期刊>ICES Journal of Marine Science >Response of clupeid fish to ultrasound: a review
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Response of clupeid fish to ultrasound: a review

机译：软体动物对超声的反应：综述

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A number of species of clupeid fish, including blueback herring, American shad, and gulf menhaden, can detect and respond to ultrasonic sounds up to at least 180 kHz, whereas other clupeids, including bay anchovies and Spanish sardines, do not appear to detect sounds above about 4 kHz. Although the location for ultrasound detection has not been proven conclusively, there is a growing body of physiological, developmental, and anatomical evidence suggesting that one end organ of the inner ear, the utricle, is likely to be the detector. The utricle is a region of the inner ear that is very similar in all vertebrates studied to date, except for clupeid fish, where it is highly specialized. Behavioural studies of the responses of American shad to ultrasound demonstrate that they show a graded series of responses depending on the sound level and, to a lesser degree, on the frequency of the stimulus. Low-intensity stimuli elicit a non-directional movement of the fish, whereas somewhat higher sound levels elicit a directional movement away from the sound source. Still higher level sounds produce a "wild" chaotic movement of the fish. These responses do not occur until shad have developed the adult utricle that has a three-part sensory epithelium. We speculate that the response of the American shad (and, presumably, other clupeids that can detect ultrasound) to ultrasound evolved to help these species detect and avoid a major predator — echolocating cetaceans. As dolphins echolocate, the fish are able to hear the sound at over 100 m. If the dolphins detect the fish and come closer, the nature of the behavioural response of the fish changes in order to exploit different avoidance strategies and lower the chance of being eaten by the predators.
机译：包括蓝鲱鱼，美洲sha鱼和海湾鲱鱼在内的许多种糊涂鱼类可以检测并响应至少达180 kHz的超声波，而其他糊涂鱼类，如海湾an鱼和西班牙沙丁鱼，似乎无法检测到声音高于约4 kHz。尽管尚未最终证实超声检测的位置，但是越来越多的生理，发育和解剖学证据表明，内耳的一个末端器官即尿囊很可能是检测器。胚轴是内耳的一个区域，在迄今为止研究的所有脊椎动物中都非常相似，除了鳞翅目鱼类，那里高度专一。对美洲sha鱼对超声波的反应的行为研究表明，它们显示出一系列分级的反应，具体取决于声音水平，而在较小程度上取决于刺激的频率。低强度的刺激引起鱼的非定向运动，而较高的声级引起远离声源的定向运动。更高的声音会产生鱼的“狂野”混乱运动。直到sha鱼发育出具有三部分感觉上皮的成年囊，这些反应才会发生。我们推测，美洲sha鱼（可能还有其他可以检测到超声波的丘比特）对超声波的反应可以帮助这些物种发现并避免主要的掠食性动物-回声鲸类。当海豚回声定位时，鱼能够听到超过100 m的声音。如果海豚发现并靠近了海豚，则其行为反应的性质就会改变，以便利用不同的回避策略并降低被掠食者吃掉的机会。

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