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首页> 外文期刊>IEEE microwave magazine >Mach-Zehnder: A Review of Bias Control Techniques for Mach-Zehnder Modulators in Photonic Analog Links
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Mach-Zehnder: A Review of Bias Control Techniques for Mach-Zehnder Modulators in Photonic Analog Links

机译：Mach-Zehnder：光子模拟链路中Mach-Zehnder调制器的偏置控制技术综述

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The Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) has been widely used for broadband photonic analog links and high-speed digital optical fiber communication systems because it possesses large modulation bandwidth, low driving voltage, and low chirp. The MZM is a very important optical modulator for photonic applications. In an MZM, the input light is split into two paths, each of which is modulated by an electrical signal. Then the two arms are combined to generate an intensity-modulated light or a phase-modulated light at the output of the MZM. An MZM can be made of lithium niobate (LiNbO3), gallium arsenide (GaAs), or indium phosphide (InP), materials that exhibit some anisotropy in their dielectric properties. Theoretically, the relation of output optical field and driving voltage is a cosine function, i.e., nonlinear transfer function. For RF photonics, the MZM has typically two applications: optical harmonic generation for optical frequency multiplication and optical subcarrier modulation for optical signal modulation. For optical frequency multiplication, high transfer-function nonlinearity is preferred. In contrast, high transfer-function linearity is preferred for optical subcarrier modulation. It is well known that a cosine transfer function can present high or low nonlinearity dependent on operation voltage. Specifically, bias voltages determine the degree of nonlinearity or linearity of the MZM transfer function. For optical frequency multiplication such as millimeter-wave generation, the MZM should be biased at some specific bias points, such as minimum transmission, maximum transmission, and quadrature bias points, to enhance nonlinearity [1]?[2]. For optical subcarrier modulation, biasing an MZM in its linear region such as quadrature bias points allows transmitting broadband RF signals with multioctave bandwidth and improves spurious free dynamic range (SFDR). Therefore, care must be taken to maintain and control the MZM bias point for a specific application.
机译：Mach-Zehnder调制器（MZM）已被广泛用于宽带光子模拟链路和高速数字光纤通信系统，因为它具有大的调制带宽，低驱动电压和低线性调频。 MZM是用于光子应用的非常重要的光学调制器。在MZM中，输入光分为两条路径，每条路径均由电信号调制。然后，将两个臂组合以在MZM的输出处生成强度调制的光或相位调制的光。 MZM可以由铌酸锂（LiNbO3），砷化镓（GaAs）或磷化铟（InP）制成，这些材料的介电性能表现出各向异性。理论上，输出光场与驱动电压的关系是余弦函数，即非线性传递函数。对于RF光子学，MZM通常具有两个应用：用于光倍频的光谐波生成和用于光信号调制的光子载波调制。对于光学倍频，高传递函数非线性是优选的。相反，对于光学子载波调制，优选高传递函数线性。众所周知，余弦传递函数会根据工作电压呈现高或低非线性。具体而言，偏置电压确定MZM传递函数的非线性或线性程度。对于诸如毫米波产生之类的光倍频，MZM应该在某些特定的偏置点上偏置，例如最小透射率，最大透射率和正交偏置点，以增强非线性[1]→[2]。对于光学子载波调制，在其线性区域（例如正交偏置点）中对MZM进行偏置可以传输具有多倍频程带宽的宽带RF信号，并改善了无杂散动态范围（SFDR）。因此，必须注意维护和控制特定应用的MZM偏置点。

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