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The four components of a procedure

机译：过程的四个组成部分

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Background. As they guide people in performing a task, procedures are the heart of most manuals. It is, therefore, somewhat surprising that the theoretical and empirical knowledge of their nature has remained somewhat elusive. This paper describes a theoretical framework for procedures, summarized as the four components model, which is grounded in systems theory and rhetoric. Aim. The study addresses two research questions: (1) What are procedures made of? and (2) Which design guidelines for procedures can be abstracted from theory and research? Results. The model distinguishes between: goals, prerequisite states, unwanted states (warnings and problem-solving information), and actions and reactions. For each component pertinent research findings are summarized and lead to the formulation of design guidelines. Occasionally these guidelines are compared with existing procedures from a sample of 104 manuals to see how well theory and practice agree. Conclusion. The model offers a manageable and expandable framework for creating user support that is based on scientific research. It can be used for a systematic analysis of procedures and for their (re)design.
机译：背景。在指导人们执行任务时，过程是大多数手册的核心。因此，令人惊讶的是，关于其本质的理论和经验知识仍然难以捉摸。本文描述了程序的理论框架，概括为四个组成部分模型，其基础是系统理论和修辞学。目标。该研究解决了两个研究问题：（1）程序由什么组成？ （2）可以从理论和研究中抽象出哪些程序设计指南？结果。该模型区分：目标，前提状态，不需要的状态（警告和解决问题的信息）以及行动和反应。对于每个组成部分，相关的研究结果进行了总结，并得出了设计指南。有时将这些指南与104份手册样本中的现有程序进行比较，以了解理论和实践的一致性。结论。该模型提供了一个可管理且可扩展的框架，用于基于科学研究创建用户支持。它可用于对程序进行系统分析和（重新）设计。

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