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首页> 外文期刊>IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control >High-Frame-Rate Tri-Plane Echocardiography With Spiral Arrays: From Simulation to Real-Time Implementation
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High-Frame-Rate Tri-Plane Echocardiography With Spiral Arrays: From Simulation to Real-Time Implementation

机译：具有螺旋阵列的高帧速三平面超声心动图：从仿真到实时实现

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摘要

Major cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are associated with (regional) dysfunction of the left ventricle. Despite the 3-D nature of the heart and its dynamics, the assessment of myocardial function is still largely based on 2-D ultrasound imaging, thereby making diagnosis heavily susceptible to the operator's expertise. Unfortunately, to date, 3-D echocardiography cannot provide adequate spatiotemporal resolution in real-time. Hence, tri-plane imaging has been introduced as a compromise between 2-D and true volumetric ultrasound imaging. However, tri-plane imaging typically requires high-end ultrasound systems equipped with fully populated matrix array probes embedded with expensive and little flexible electronics for two-stage beamforming. This article presents an advanced ultrasound system for real-time, high frame rate (HFR), and tri-plane echocardiography based on low element count sparse arrays, i.e., the so-called spiral arrays. The system was simulated, experimentally validated, and implemented for real-time operation on the ULA-OP 256 system. Five different array configurations were tested together with four different scan sequences, including multi-line and planar diverging wave transmission. In particular, the former can be exploited to achieve, in tri-plane imaging, the same temporal resolution currently used in clinical 2-D echocardiography, at the expenses of contrast (-3.5 dB) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (-8.7 dB). On the other hand, the transmission of planar diverging waves boosts the frame rate up to 250 Hz, but further compromises contrast (-10.5 dB), SNR (-9.7 dB), and lateral resolution (46). In conclusion, despite an unavoidable loss in image quality and sensitivity due to the limited number of elements, HFR tri-plane imaging with spiral arrays is shown to be feasible in real-time and may enable real-time functional analysis of all left ventricular segments of the heart.
机译：重大心血管疾病（CVD）与左心室（区域）功能障碍有关。尽管心脏具有3D性质及其动力学特性，但心肌功能的评估仍主要基于2D超声成像，因此，诊断很容易受到操作员专业知识的影响。不幸的是，迄今为止，3-D超声心动图不能实时提供足够的时空分辨率。因此，已经引入了三平面成像作为二维和真实体积超声成像之间的折衷。然而，三平面成像通常需要高端超声系统，该超声系统配备有完全组装的矩阵阵列探头，该探头内嵌有昂贵且几乎没有柔性的电子器件，用于两阶段波束形成。本文介绍了一种先进的超声系统，用于基于低元素数稀疏阵列（即所谓的螺旋阵列）的实时，高帧频（HFR）和三平面超声心动图检查。该系统经过仿真，实验验证，并在ULA-OP 256系统上实现了实时操作。测试了五种不同的阵列配置以及四种不同的扫描序列，包括多线和平面发散波传输。特别是，可以利用前者在三平面成像中实现目前在临床二维超声心动图中使用的相同时间分辨率，但要以对比度（-3.5 dB）和信噪比（SNR）为代价（-8.7分贝）。另一方面，平面发散波的传输将帧率提高到250 Hz，但进一步损害了对比度（-10.5 dB），SNR（-9.7 dB）和横向分辨率（46）。总之，尽管由于元件数量有限而不可避免地导致了图像质量和灵敏度的损失，但采用螺旋阵列的HFR三平面成像显示是实时可行的，并且可以对所有左心室节段进行实时功能分析的心。

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