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首页> 外文期刊>IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control >Review of Quantitative Ultrasound: Envelope Statistics and Backscatter Coefficient Imaging and Contributions to Diagnostic Ultrasound
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Review of Quantitative Ultrasound: Envelope Statistics and Backscatter Coefficient Imaging and Contributions to Diagnostic Ultrasound

机译：定量超声综述：包络统计和后向散射系数成像以及对超声诊断的贡献

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Conventional medical imaging technologies, including ultrasound, have continued to improve over the years. For example, in oncology, medical imaging is characterized by high sensitivity, i.e., the ability to detect anomalous tissue features, but the ability to classify these tissue features from images often lacks specificity. As a result, a large number of biopsies of tissues with suspicious image findings are performed each year with a vast majority of these biopsies resulting in a negative finding. To improve specificity of cancer imaging, quantitative imaging techniques can play an important role. Conventional ultrasound B-mode imaging is mainly qualitative in nature. However, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) imaging can provide specific numbers related to tissue features that can increase the specificity of image findings leading to improvements in diagnostic ultrasound. QUS imaging can encompass a wide variety of techniques including spectral-based parameterization, elastography, shear wave imaging, flow estimation, and envelope statistics. Currently, spectral-based parameterization and envelope statistics are not available on most conventional clinical ultrasound machines. However, in recent years, QUS techniques involving spectral-based parameterization and envelope statistics have demonstrated success in many applications, providing additional diagnostic capabilities. Spectral-based techniques include the estimation of the backscatter coefficient (BSC), estimation of attenuation, and estimation of scatterer properties such as the correlation length associated with an effective scatterer diameter (ESD) and the effective acoustic concentration (EAC) of scatterers. Envelope statistics include the estimation of the number density of scatterers and quantification of coherent to incoherent signals produced from the tissue. Challenges for clinical application include correctly accounting for attenuation effects and transmission losses and implementation of QUS on cl- nical devices. Successful clinical and preclinical applications demonstrating the ability of QUS to improve medical diagnostics include characterization of the myocardium during the cardiac cycle, cancer detection, classification of solid tumors and lymph nodes, detection and quantification of fatty liver disease, and monitoring and assessment of therapy.
机译：多年来，包括超声在内的常规医学成像技术一直在不断改进。例如，在肿瘤学中，医学成像的特征在于高灵敏度，即检测异常组织特征的能力，但是从图像分类这些组织特征的能力通常缺乏特异性。结果，每年对具有可疑图像发现的组织进行大量活检，而这些活检中的绝大部分导致阴性结果。为了提高癌症成像的特异性，定量成像技术可以发挥重要作用。常规超声B型成像本质上主要是定性的。但是，定量超声（QUS）成像可以提供与组织特征有关的特定数字，从而可以增加图像发现的特异性，从而改善诊断超声。 QUS成像可涵盖多种技术，包括基于光谱的参数化，弹性成像，剪切波成像，流量估计和包络统计。当前，基于光谱的参数化和包络统计在大多数常规临床超声机器上不可用。但是，近年来，涉及基于频谱的参数化和包络统计的QUS技术已在许多应用中证明了成功，并提供了附加的诊断功能。基于频谱的技术包括反向散射系数（BSC）的估计，衰减的估计以及散射体属性的评估，例如与有效散射体直径（ESD）和散射体的有效声波浓度（EAC）相关的相关长度。包络统计信息包括散射体数量密度的估计以及组织产生的相干信号与非相干信号的量化。临床应用面临的挑战包括正确考虑衰减效应和传输损耗，以及在临床设备上实施QUS。证明QUS具有改善医学诊断能力的成功临床和临床前应用包括对心动周期期间心肌的表征，癌症检测，实体瘤和淋巴结的分类，脂肪肝疾病的检测和定量以及治疗的监测和评估。

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