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Bending strength of piezoelectric ceramics and single crystals for multifunctional load-bearing applications

机译：多功能承重应用中压电陶瓷和单晶的弯曲强度

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摘要

The topic of multifunctional material systems using active or smart materials has recently gained attention in the research community. Multifunctional piezoelectric systems present the ability to combine multiple functions into a single active piezoelectric element, namely, combining sensing, actuation, or energy conversion ability with load-bearing capacity. Quantification of the bending strength of various piezoelectric materials is, therefore, critical in the development of load-bearing piezoelectric systems. Three-point bend tests are carried out on a variety of piezoelectric ceramics including soft monolithic piezoceramics (PZT-5A and PZT-5H), hard monolithic ceramics (PZT-4 and PZT-8), single-crystal piezoelectrics (PMN-PT and PMN-PZT), and commercially packaged composite devices (which contain active PZT-5A layers). A common 3-point bend test procedure is used throughout the experimental tests. The bending strengths of these materials are found using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory to be 44.9 MPa for PMN-PZT, 60.6 MPa for PMN-PT, 114.8 MPa for PZT- 5H, 123.2 MPa for PZT-4, 127.5 MPa for PZT-8, 140.4 MPa for PZT-5A, and 186.6 MPa for the commercial composite. The high strength of the commercial configuration is a result of the composite structure that allows for shear stresses on the surfaces of the piezoelectric layers, whereas the low strength of the single-crystal materials is due to their unique crystal structure, which allows for rapid propagation of cracks initiating at flaw sites. The experimental bending strength results reported, which are linear estimates without nonlinear ferroelastic considerations, are intended for use in the design of multifunctional piezoelectric systems in which the active device is subjected to bending loads.
机译：使用活性或智能材料的多功能材料系统这一主题最近在研究界引起了关注。多功能压电系统具有将多种功能组合到单个有源压电元件中的能力，即将传感，致动或能量转换能力与承载能力相结合。因此，对各种压电材料的抗弯强度的量化对于承重压电系统的开发至关重要。在各种压电陶瓷上进行了三点弯曲测试，包括软整体压电陶瓷（PZT-5A和PZT-5H），硬整体陶瓷（PZT-4和PZT-8），单晶压电（PMN-PT和PMN-PZT）和商业包装的复合设备（包含有源PZT-5A层）。在整个实验测试中都使用通用的三点弯曲测试程序。根据Euler-Bernoulli梁理论，这些材料的抗弯强度分别为PMN-PZT 44.9 MPa，PMN-PT 60.6 MPa，PZT-5H 114.8 MPa，PZT-4 123.2 MPa，PZT-8 127.5 MPa ，对于PZT-5A为140.4 MPa，对于商用复合材料为186.6 MPa。商业配置的高强度是复合结构的结果，该复合结构允许在压电层的表面上产生剪切应力，而单晶材料的低强度则归因于其独特的晶体结构，从而可以快速传播在缺陷部位产生的裂纹。报告的实验抗弯强度结果是线性估计，没有非线性铁弹性考虑因素，旨在用于多功能压电系统的设计，在该系统中，有源器件要承受弯曲载荷。

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