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Exploitation of capacitive micromachined transducers for nonlinear ultrasound imaging

机译：用于非线性超声成像的电容式微加工传感器的开发

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摘要

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) present advantages such as wide frequency bandwidth, which could be further developed for nonlinear imaging. However, the driving electrostatic force induces a nonlinear behavior of the CMUT, thus generating undesirable harmonic components in the generated acoustic signal. Consequently, the use of CMUT for harmonic imaging (with or without contrast agents) becomes challenging. This paper suggests 2 compensation approaches, linear and nonlinear methods, to cancel unwanted nonlinear components. Furthermore, nonlinear responses from contrast agent were evaluated using CMUT in transmit before and after compensation. The results were compared with those obtained using a PZT transducer in transmit. Results showed that CMUT nonlinear behavior is highly influenced by the excitation to bias voltage ratio. Measurements of output pressure very close to the CMUT surface allow the estimation of optimal parameters for each compensation approach. Both methods showed a harmonic reduction higher than 20 dB when one element or several elements are excited. In addition, the study demonstrates that nonlinear approach seems to be more efficient because it is shown to be less sensitive to interelement variability and further avoids fundamental component deterioration. The results from contrast agent measurements showed that the responses obtained using CMUT elements in transmit with compensation were similar to those from PZT transducer excitation. This experimental study demonstrates the opportunity to use CMUT with traditional harmonic contrast imaging techniques.
机译：电容式微加工超声换能器（CMUT）具有诸如宽带宽之类的优势，可以进一步开发用于非线性成像。但是，驱动静电力会引起CMUT的非线性行为，从而在生成的声音信号中生成不希望的谐波分量。因此，将CMUT用于谐波成像（带有或不带有造影剂）变得具有挑战性。本文提出了两种补偿方法，即线性方法和非线性方法，以消除不需要的非线性成分。此外，在补偿之前和之后，使用CMUT评估了造影剂的非线性响应。将结果与在发射中使用PZT换能器获得的结果进行比较。结果表明，CMUT非线性行为受激励偏置电压比的影响很大。测量非常接近CMUT表面的输出压力可以估算每种补偿方法的最佳参数。当激发一个或多个元素时，两种方法都显示出高于20 dB的谐波降低。此外，研究表明非线性方法似乎更有效，因为它显示出对元素间变异性较不敏感，并进一步避免了基本成分的恶化。造影剂测量的结果表明，使用带补偿的CMUT元件获得的响应与PZT换能器激励的响应相似。这项实验研究证明了将CMUT与传统谐波对比成像技术结合使用的机会。

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