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Regional variation in Chinese internet filtering

机译：中文互联网过滤的区域差异

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摘要

Internet filtering in China is a pervasive and well-reported phenomenon and, as arguably the most extensive filtering regime in the world today, has been studied by a number of authors. Existing studies, however, have considered both the filtering infrastructure and the nation itself as largely homogeneous in this respect. This article investigates variation in filtering across China through direct access to internet services across the country. This is achieved through use of the Domain Name Service (DNS), which provides a mapping between human-readable names and machine-routable internet addresses, and is thus a critical component of internet-based communications. Manipulation of DNS is a common mechanism used by states and institutions to hamper access to internet services that have been deemed undesirable. Our experiments support the hypothesis that, despite typically being considered a monolithic entity, the Chinese filtering approach is better understood as a decentralized and semi-privatized operation in which low-level filtering decisions are left to local authorities and organizations. This article provides a first step in understanding how filtering affects populations at a fine-grained level, and moves towards a more subtle understanding of internet filtering than those based on the broad criterion of nationality. The techniques employed in this work, while here applied to geographic criteria, provide an approach by which filtering can be analysed according to a range of social, economic and political factors in order to more fully understand the role that internet filtering plays in China, and around the world.
机译：在中国，互联网过滤是一种普遍存在且被广泛报道的现象，可以说，当今世界上最广泛的过滤机制已经被许多作者研究。但是，现有研究在这方面认为过滤基础设施和国家本身在很大程度上是同质的。本文研究了通过直接访问全国互联网服务在中国进行过滤的差异。这是通过使用域名服务（DNS）来实现的，该服务提供了人类可读的名称与机器可路由的Internet地址之间的映射，因此是基于Internet的通信的重要组成部分。操纵DNS是国家和机构用来阻止访问被认为不受欢迎的互联网服务的常用机制。我们的实验支持以下假设：尽管通常将中国过滤方法视为整体实体，但最好将其理解为分散和半私有化的操作，在这种操作中，低级过滤决策留给地方当局和组织。本文提供了第一步，以了解筛选如何在细粒度级别上影响人口，并且比基于广泛国籍标准的筛选更趋于更加细微的了解。这项工作中采用的技术虽然已应用于地理标准，但却提供了一种方法，可以根据一系列社会，经济和政治因素对过滤进行分析，以便更充分地了解互联网过滤在中国的作用，以及世界各地。

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