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Software defaults as defacto regulation the case of the wireless internet

机译：默认情况下，软件默认为无线互联网的事实法规

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Today's internet presumes that individuals are capable of configuring software to address issues such as spam, security, indecent content, and privacy. This assumption is worrying - common sense and empirical evidence state that not everyone is so interested or so skilled. When regulatory decisions are left to individuals, for the unskilled the default settings are the law. This article relies on evidence from the deployment of wireless routers and finds that defaults act as de facto regulation for the poor and poorly educated. This paper presents a large sample behavioral study of how people modify their 802.11 ('Wi-Fi') wireless access points from two distinct sources. The first is a secondary analysis of WifiMaps.com, one of the largest online databases of wireless router information. The second is an original wireless survey of portions of three census tracts in Chicago, selected as a diversity sample for contrast in education and income. By constructing lists of known default settingsfor specific brands and models, we were then able to identify how people changed their default settings. Our results show that the default settings for wireless access points are powerful. Media reports and instruction manuals have increasingly urged users to change defaults - especially passwords, network names, and encryption settings. Despite this, only half of all users change any defaults at all on the most popular brand of router. Moreover, we find that when a manufacturer sets a default 96-99 percent of users follow the suggested behavior, while only 28 -57 percent of users acted to change these same default settings when exhorted to do so by expert sources. Finally, there is also a suggestion that those living in areas with lower incomes and levels of education are less likely to change defaults, although these data are not conclusive. These results show how the authority of software trumps that of advice. Consequently, policy-makers must acknowledge and address the power of software to act as de focto regulation.
机译：当今的互联网假定个人能够配置软件来解决诸如垃圾邮件，安全性，不雅内容和隐私之类的问题。这种假设令人担忧-常识和经验证据表明，并非每个人都如此感兴趣或如此熟练。当监管决定留给个人时，对于非技术人员，默认设置为法律。本文基于无线路由器部署中的证据，发现默认设置实际上是对穷人和教育程度较低的人的监管。本文提供了关于人们如何从两个不同来源修改其802.11（'Wi-Fi'）无线访问点的大型示例行为研究。首先是对WifiMaps.com（最大的无线路由器信息在线数据库之一）的辅助分析。第二个是对芝加哥三个人口普查区的一部分进行的原始无线调查，被选为多样性样本，用于教育和收入方面的对比。通过构建特定品牌和型号的已知默认设置列表，我们便能够确定人们如何更改其默认设置。我们的结果表明，无线接入点的默认设置功能强大。媒体报道和说明手册越来越敦促用户更改默认设置，尤其是密码，网络名称和加密设置。尽管如此，在最流行的路由器品牌上，只有一半的用户可以更改任何默认设置。此外，我们发现，当制造商设置默认用户时，将有96-99％的用户遵循建议的行为，而只有28-57％的用户在专家建议下更改了这些默认设置。最后，还有一个建议是，生活在收入较低和教育水平较低的地区的人改变违约的可能性较小，尽管这些数据尚无定论。这些结果表明软件的权威性胜过建议的权威性。因此，政策制定者必须承认并解决软件的功能，以作为事实上的法规。

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