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Design and evaluation of line symbolizations for origin-destination flow maps

机译：起点-目的地流程图的线符号设计和评估

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We present the results of a user study comparing variants of commonly used line symbolizations for directed origin-destination flow maps. Our design and evaluation consisted of five line symbolizations that employ a combination of following visual variables: arrowheads, origin-destination coloring (color hue, and value), line shortening, line width, tapered edges (varying width from wide to narrow, and narrow to wide), and curvature asymmetry and strength. To guide our evaluation, we used a task-by-type typology and chose four representative tasks that are commonly used in flow map reading: identifying dominant direction of flows, flows with the highest magnitude (volume), spatial focusing of long flows toward a destination, and clusters of high net-exports (net-outflow). We systematically analyzed user responses and task performance which we measured by task completion time and accuracy. We designed a web-based flow mapping and testing framework and recruited the participants from Amazon Mechanical Turk. To demonstrate the application and user experiment, we used 16 commodity flow data sets in the United States from 2007 and systematically rotated the layouts to evaluate the effect of layout orientation. From this study, we can conclude that there is potential usefulness for all of the five symbolizations we tested; however, the influence of the design on performance and perception depends on the type of the task. Also, we found that data and layout orientation have significant effects on performance and perception of patterns in flow maps which we attribute to the change in visual saliency of node and flow patterns in relation to the way users scan the map. We recommend that the choice of line symbolization should be guided by a task taxonomy which end users are expected to perform. We discuss various design trade-offs and recommendations and potential future work for designing and evaluating line symbolizations for flow mapping.
机译：我们介绍了一项用户研究的结果，该研究比较了针对有向起点-目的地流程图的常用线符号的变体。我们的设计和评估由五个线符号组成，这些线符号使用了以下视觉变量的组合：箭头，原点-目标颜色（色相和值），线缩短，线宽度，锥形边缘（宽度从宽到窄以及变窄）到宽），以及曲率不对称和强度。为了指导我们的评估，我们使用了按任务分类的类型，并选择了流图读取中常用的四个代表性任务：识别流的主导方向，最大量（体积）的流，将长流朝向目的地，以及高净出口（净流出）的集群。我们系统地分析了用户的响应和任务绩效，这些任务是根据任务完成时间和准确性来衡量的。我们设计了一个基于Web的流程映射和测试框架，并从Amazon Mechanical Turk招募了参与者。为了演示该应用程序和用户实验，我们使用了2007年以来美国的16个商品流数据集，并系统地轮换了版式以评估版式定位的效果。从这项研究中，我们可以得出结论，我们测试的所有五个符号都有潜在的用途。但是，设计对性能和感知的影响取决于任务的类型。此外，我们发现数据和布局方向对流图的性能和模式感知有重大影响，这归因于节点和流图的视觉显着性与用户扫描地图的方式有关。我们建议线符号的选择应遵循最终用户应执行的任务分类法的指导。我们讨论了各种设计折衷和建议，以及用于设计和评估流图的线符号的未来工作。

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