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首页> 外文期刊>Integrated environmental assessment and management >Patterns of Fish Community Structure in a Long-Term Watershed-Scale Study to Address the Aquatic Ecosystem Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Discharges in Four US Receiving Streams
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Patterns of Fish Community Structure in a Long-Term Watershed-Scale Study to Address the Aquatic Ecosystem Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Discharges in Four US Receiving Streams

机译：一项长期流域尺度研究中鱼类群落结构的模式，以解决美国四大接收流中纸浆和造纸厂排放物对水生生态系统的影响

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Physiological changes have been seen in individual fish exposed to pulp and paper mill effluent (PPME), but it is unclear whether community-level changes are seen in fish in PPME receiving waters. We conducted a study of 4 PPME receiving streams (Codorus Creek, PA, USA), the Leaf River (Forrest and Perry Counties, MS, USA), and the McKenzie and Willamette rivers (Lane County, OR, USA) over 9 y to assess temporal patterns in the type and relative abundance of fish species and measures of community structure and function related to PPME discharge. We used boat and backpack electrofishing to sample large- and small-bodied fish from the McKenzie and Willamette rivers, boat electrofishing to sample large-bodied fish from the Leaf River, and backpack electrofishing to sample the entire fish community from Codorus Creek. Study streams represented different ecoregions, warm- and coldwater systems, gradients of PPME concentration (<1%-33%), and mill process types. Bray-Curtis similarity and nonmetric multidimensional scaling showed high variation in fish communities across sites, seasons, and years. Significant site differences in fish communities were seen in most streams and community types, but distinct separation of sites was seen only in Codorus Creek and unrelated to PPME discharge. No seasonal differences were seen in fish community structure in any stream, with only weak annual patterns in large-bodied fish in the Leaf River and small-bodied fish in the McKenzie River. General linear models were used to examine spatial and temporal variation in fish metric response (abundance, species richness, Simpson's diversity, % dominant species, standing crop, % DELT, % intolerant, % omnivore, % piscivore). Significant site differences in metric response were largely limited to Codorus Creek and unrelated to PPME. Significant reductions of % dominant taxa of small-bodied fish and % large-bodied piscivores were also observed downstream of the PPME discharge on the McKenzie River relative to upstream sites. Seasonal changes in fish metric response were rare, and changes with year were variable. The relationship between fish community structure and water quality variables (pH, color, conductivity, total phosphorus, total nitrogen) was weak in all streams for all community types. The results of this study show that PPME exposure has little effect on fish communities in these streams and aid in addressing management strategies. The high spatial and temporal variability reiterate the importance of long-term studies to elucidate patterns in receiving waters.
机译：在暴露于纸浆和造纸厂废水（PPME）的个别鱼类中已观察到生理变化，但尚不清楚在接受PPME的水域中的鱼类中是否观察到群落水平的变化。我们对9年到9年间的4条PPME接收流（美国宾夕法尼亚州的科多罗斯溪），叶河（美国密西西比州的福雷斯特和佩里县）以及麦肯齐河和威拉米特河（美国俄勒冈州兰纳河）进行了研究。评估鱼类种类和相对丰富度的时间格局以及与PPME排放有关的群落结构和功能的措施。我们使用船钓和背包电钓从麦肯锡河和威拉米特河采样大型和小型鱼，船钓电钓鱼从Leaf河采样大鱼，然后背包电钓从Codorus Creek采样整个鱼类群落。研究流代表了不同的生态区域，温水和冷水系统，PPME浓度梯度（<1％-33％）和工厂工艺类型。 Bray-Curtis相似性和非度量多维标度表明，不同地点，季节和年份的鱼类群落差异很大。在大多数溪流和群落类型中，鱼类群落的地点差异显着，但仅在Codorus Creek中观察到地点的明显分离，与PPME排放无关。在任何河流中，鱼类群落结构均未见季节差异，叶河大鱼和麦肯齐河小鱼的年度格局均较弱。使用通用线性模型来检查鱼类度量响应的时空变化（丰度，物种丰富度，辛普森氏多样性，优势物种％，现成作物，％DELT，不耐性，杂食性％，食肉性百分比）。度量响应中的显着站点差异主要限于Codorus Creek，与PPME无关。相对于上游地点，在麦肯齐河上PPME排放的下游，还观察到小体鱼的优势种群百分比和大体食肉动物的百分比降低。鱼度量响应的季节性变化很少，并且随年的变化是可变的。在所有群落类型的所有溪流中，鱼类群落结构与水质变量（pH，颜色，电导率，总磷，总氮）之间的关系都很弱。这项研究的结果表明，PPME暴露对这些溪流中的鱼类群落影响很小，并有助于解决管理策略。高度的时空变异性重申了长期研究对阐明接收水域模式的重要性。

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